1. Man as the constituent of environment  Man’s interaction with both living and non-living  Living includes both animals and plants  Non-living includes light, temperature, water, soil

2. The distinction between the "Environmental sustainability" and the "development"  The concept of social sustainability means the sustaining of current societies and their social structures Social sustainability can be taken to mean the social measure need to prevent social disruption or conflict

3. Human element in economics  Two thinkers who have made an impact on sustainable development:  1. Mahatma Gandhi: Means are important end.  “Commerce without morality will be a failure”  2. Kant: categorical imperative  "Act so as to treat mankind, in your own person as well as in that of anyone else, always as an end, never merely as a means".

4. Globalization  Globalization always causes transformation- transformation of the economics from common economy to market economy.  This is visible in different countries including South Asia and South-East Asia where there is a clear move towards market-oriented economic regimes. It is believed that globalization would promote convergence of the industrial societies in regard to the basic features of the economy, polity and society. As for polity, it is believed that globalization would strength democracy and federalization process, promote decentralization and participatory governance, ensure transparency in administration and accountability of political leaders and bureaucrats to people, and cause downsizing of government and weakening of the State so that civil society will come to play a larger role in the delivery of public goods.

5. Role of Civil society in development and environment  Increased destruction of forest leads to  topsoil erosion  irregular rainfall  flood  Result:  Acute shortage of firewood  Loss of productivity of soil  Ecological imbalance

6. Social factors affecting development  Poverty and affluence  Child labour  Lack of education  Neglect of cultural and ethical values

7. Impact of development on environment  Land is the most important and finite source. But it is subjected to varying degrees of degradation:  1. Erosion by water  2. Erosion by wind  3. Salinity and alkalinity  4. Water logging  5. Decline of soil fertility due to pollution  6. Drought

8. Suggestions  Market transformation: Sustainable industrial production and consumption in cities requires a market transformation on both the supply and demand sides. For this, public policies at the national level to steer industrial development markets through regulation, economic instruments and planning to deal with persistent "market failures”

9.  Social Justice: The costs of industrial development in cities have fallen mostly on the poor and excluded. Benefits to the poor are not taken into account. Thus social justice is denied to the majority of the society.

10.  Extended Responsibility: Producers and retailers must adopt an extended sense of responsibility for the social environmental impacts of their products. They must give assurance about the raw materials are suitably sourced zero pollution during manufacture and programmes for consumption and recycling after use.

11.  Planning and precaution: Sustainable development is by definition focussed on the long term and for manufacturing, which means adopting a precautionary approach to future developments to avoid the build-up of potential liabilities such as contaminated land and also to ensure that technological innovation in geared to sustainability requirements.

12.  Community empowerment: Employees, consumers and the community form a triangle. This means community consultation, participatory and public reporting is very much needed.

13. Constraints to industrial pollution control in Indian cities  Land-use pattern is poorly regulated.  Industrial areas are located amidst residential areas.  Large-scale of small scale industries lack pollution control and treatment facilities.  An absence of clear responsibility for the safe collection, transportation and disposal of industrial waste.