1. Lessons learned and not learned Enn Tyugu Leading research scientist NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence

2. Who am I? Educator and researcher at a technical university. Adviser at a center of excellence for cyber security. Citizen of a very small country.

3. Who are we? Estonia is a small East European country highly dependent on IT: 85% of income tax declarations are submitted via Internet 98% of all banking operations are performed electronically (very few bank offices for public use) E-Government provides services for citizens over Internet Close to a big country that wishes to keep us in its “sphere of influence”.

4. How are we? Cyber attcks on Estonia in spring 2007 demonstrated real threats in the cyber space. A survey of the country’s CII disclosed that the most important weakness is lack of competent IA personal: Shortage of personal x x x x x x x x x x x x x Human factorx x x x x Insufficient IDS x x x x x Legal aspectsx x x Insufficient resourcesx x x Physical dangersx x x Bosses don’t carex x Security problemsx

5. Who should educate? Insufficient competence in the universities Insufficient teaching skills in the business and industry. It is not the responsibility of military. Only coordinated effort of the universities, military and industry can do it well.

6. What to teach? A CD master studies core competence: Organizational aspects, incl. risk analysis Legal aspects Cryptography Network security Malware Attacks and defense IDS and log analysis Simulation and practical work