1. From Gene to Protein Transcription and Translation Mechanisms of Regulation DNA  RNA  Protein Transcription Translation

2. LO 3.4 The student is able to describe representations and models illustrating how genetic information is translated into polypeptides. [See SP 1.2] Initiation of Transcription Transcription Eukaryotic processing of RNA Translation Comparison of Eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein synthesis

3. To Make a Protein: Transcription and Translation

4. Initiation of Transcription RNA polymerase can assemble mRNA in the 5’-3’ direction Does not need a primer to initiate making mRNA 5’ 3’

5. Synthesis of mRNA Transcription factors must bind to the promoter RNA-polymerase scans the template DNA molecule in the 3' to 5' direction until it recognizes transcription factors

6. Transcription RNA-polymerase synthesizes a mRNA strand complementary to the template strand (in the 5’-3’ direction just like DNA polymerase

7. Eukaryote mRNA processing 5’ GTP cap 3’ poly A tail Splicing: Excision of introns Small nuclear Ribonucleprotein particles (snRNPs) assist in splicing 5’ UTR

8. Translation: Initiation, Elongation, Termination Initaition: mRNA, small subunit of the ribosome and initiator tRNA (methionine) form a complex Large subunit binds Translation is initiated at the start codon (AUG) 5’ UTR

9. Elongation of the polypeptide 1. tRNAs brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome. 2. Energy from GTP hydrolysis is needed to form the peptide bond 3. The ribosome shifts one codon over and is ready for a new tRNA.

10. Termination When a stop codon is reached a release factor enters the A site The bond between the polypeptide and tRNA is broken Protein, ribosome, tRNA and mRNA disassociate

11. How tRNAs decode the message: tRNAs have an anticodon- complementary to the mRNA codon. tRNAs carry a specific amino acid.

12. Codon chart The genetic code is highly conserved It is unambiguous: each codon codes for only one amino acid It is redundant: many amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. Decode the following mRNA sequence 5’-AUGAAACGCGUUUAA-3’

14. Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis have Conserved Features RNA polymerase Ribosomes and transfer RNAs decode mRNA into a protein one codon at a time in the cytoplasm. The codon AUG initiates protein synthesis Codons are triplets of bases and are conserved.

15. Prokryotic Protein Synthesis Because prokaryotes lack a nucleus Transcription and Translation are coupled (can occur at the same time) No introns This is more efficient

16. Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis The nuclear membrane separates transcription and translation Before mRNA leaves the nucleus it is modified by enzymes: Modifications includes – Addition of a 5’ GTP cap – Addition of a 3’ poly-A tail – Splicing: Excision (removal) of introns (interrupting sequences)

17. Producing multiple proteins from the same mRNA Multiple Ribosomes can bind to the same mRNA Multiple mRNAs from the same gene. Bacteria are streamlined: – transcription and translation are not separated by a nuclear membrane.

18. Summary of Eukaryotic Transcription and Translation Watch DNA learning center mRNA translation (advanced)

20. Translation by tRNA in the ribosome Ribosomes essentially “hold everything together” and catalys the formation of the peptide bond between the amino acids braught in by transfer RNA The transfer RNA do the decoding

21. Transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

22. Coupled transcription and translation in bacteria

23. Transcription Coding strand: on this figure is the “sense strand” Template strand: on this figure is the “anti-sense strand” mRNA is complementary to the anti-sense strand, and a “copy” of the sense strand, with Uracil instead of Thymine.