1. Essential Question: How did the imperialist European powers claim control over most of Africa by the end of the 1800’s?

2. I MPERIALISM – T AKEOVER OF A COUNTRY OR TERRITORY BY A STRONGER NATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF DOMINATION.

3. A FRICA IN THE E ARLY 1800’ S (B EFORE I MPERIALISM ) Hundreds of ethnic groups Over 1,000 languages Northern and Eastern Africa predominately Islamic Higher literacy rates Less fighting 1880: Europeans only controlled 10 percent. Why was Africa able to keep Europe out? Powerful African armies Difficult geography Networks of African traders Hundreds of ethnic groups Over 1,000 languages Northern and Eastern Africa predominately Islamic Higher literacy rates Less fighting 1880: Europeans only controlled 10 percent. Why was Africa able to keep Europe out? Powerful African armies Difficult geography Networks of African traders

4. A FRICA I N THE E ARLY 1800’ S C ONT

5. E UROPEAN C ONTACT I NCREASES Explorers pushed into Africa – making Maps Missionaries followed the explorers Built schools and medical clinics Dr. Livingstone – Wrote about many African peoples Opposed slave trade Only way to end it = let the Christians in Left a trail for other Europeans to follow Explorers pushed into Africa – making Maps Missionaries followed the explorers Built schools and medical clinics Dr. Livingstone – Wrote about many African peoples Opposed slave trade Only way to end it = let the Christians in Left a trail for other Europeans to follow Scottish Explorer Dr. Livingstone

6. F ORCES E NABLING I MPERIALISM European technology: Maxim gun, steam engine, railroads Cure for malaria - quinine Internal factors in Africa: the variety of languages and cultures lead to ethnic strife, no unity; lead to WAR European technology: Maxim gun, steam engine, railroads Cure for malaria - quinine Internal factors in Africa: the variety of languages and cultures lead to ethnic strife, no unity; lead to WAR

7. B ERLIN C ONFERENCE : 1884-1885 King Leopold of Belgium once referred to Africa as the “Great African Pie” 14 European nations meet (No African rulers attended) Laid down rules for division of Africa Must have a gov’t office Must allow free trade No concern for Africans King Leopold of Belgium once referred to Africa as the “Great African Pie” 14 European nations meet (No African rulers attended) Laid down rules for division of Africa Must have a gov’t office Must allow free trade No concern for Africans

8. A FRICA 1850 Africa 1914

9. W HY A FRICA ? Europeans developed cash crop plantations for – peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, & rubber - to sell on the market Major source of wealth was minerals – diamonds, gold, copper, & tin Europeans developed cash crop plantations for – peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, & rubber - to sell on the market Major source of wealth was minerals – diamonds, gold, copper, & tin

10. G ROUPS C LASH OVER S OUTH A FRICA Three main groups – Africans, British and Dutch They fought for land & resources (diamonds & gold) Europeans fight Africans Europeans fight Europeans Boers (Dutch farmers) clash with British – Boer War Three main groups – Africans, British and Dutch They fought for land & resources (diamonds & gold) Europeans fight Africans Europeans fight Europeans Boers (Dutch farmers) clash with British – Boer War Long Tom Gun – Boer War

11. A FRICAN R ESISTANCE African’s resisted, but Europeans had superior weapons. Ethiopia: Only African nation to successfully resist European domination (Menelik II) African’s resisted, but Europeans had superior weapons. Ethiopia: Only African nation to successfully resist European domination (Menelik II)