1. APUSH Lecture 6B Ms. Kray Some slides taken from Susan Pojer

18.  ILGWU membership surged.  NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention.  New strict building codes were passed.  Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops.  Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.

20.  Not a coherent movement  Mass response to various problems created by IR  Issue driven: immigrants, women’s rights, prohibition, political machines  Middle-class, urban reformers  Opposed laissez-faire capitalism  But not socialists!

21.  Crisis of the 1890s –Discredited traditional laissez- faire role of gov’t –Class conflicts –Party politics –Municipal problems  State reforms 1890s  Populism  Era began with Teddy Roosevelt’s presidency in1901

22.  Anti-monopoly  Feared concentration of power and wanted to limit and disperse wealth  Desire for social cohesion  Rejected individualism of the 19 th c. in favor of social interdependence for improving society  Cure for society’s problems = more democracy  Believed government should be used to reform society  Changed definition of “liberalism”

23.  Faith in progress and knowledge - Principles of the science and social science could be used to better society - Ex. Taylorism & Pragmatism - Pragmatism: Ideas & laws should be tried & tested until they found something that seemed to work well for the bettering of society - Faith in experts  Drew upon Evangelical Protestantism - Ex. Walter Rauschenbusch & the Social Gospel  social justice for the poor, apply Christian principles to social problems

24.  Before the public could be roused to action it had to be informed about the “dirty” realities  Nickname given by Roosevelt to these investigative reporters

25.  1881  wrote a series of articles for Atlantic Monthly attacking the practices of Standard Oil  1894  wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth exposing the corruption & greed of the oil monopoly

26.  1893  wrote muckraking articles for McClure’s Magazine  1904  wrote The Shame of Cities which revealed the corrupt deals of big city politics

27. 1902

28.  One of the first photojournalists  1890  published How the Other Half Lives

30.  Example of the Social Gospel  Imported from England  Provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor  Also preaching the Christian gospel

31.  Middle class reformers who settled in immigrant neighborhoods  Hoped to relieve the effects of poverty  By 1910  400 settlement houses Jane Addams & Hull House, 1889

32.  Growing complexity of modern life + Darwin’s theory of evolution = questions about what should be taught - Elementary schools cont. teaching the 3 R’s & tradition values of the McGuffey’s readers  New compulsory laws increased enrollment in public schools - By 1900  90% literacy rate - Growth of kindergarten  Rise of the Social Sciences - Use of scientific techniques in the study of society and its institutions

33.  Growth of corporations created need for white-collar workers –Accountants –Clerical workers –Salespeople  These new jobs incr. demand for services from other middle class workers - Doctors- public employees -Laywers- store keepers  This new middle class placed a high value on education and individual accomplishment  As demand for professional services increased so did the pressure to reform - American Medical Association - National Association of Manufacturers

35. $ By 1900  1 out of 5 adult women was in the labor force $ Factory work often restricted to certain industries –textile, garment, food-processing $ Moved into formerly male occupations –secretaries, book-keepers, typists, & telephone operators, teachers –Feminized occupations usually lost status & received lower pay

36.  Origins –By 20 th c. almost all income-producing activity moved out of the home and into factory or office –Kids did not occupy as much time: less of them, started school earlier –Technological innovations had reduced demands of housework –Increasing levels of education for women –Some educated women never married  More and more women began looking for activities outside the home and taking on more public roles –Example: women’s clubs  The prominent role women played in Progressive reform served both to expand and confirm the idea of a separate woman’s sphere in society –b/c much of the reform work done by women was in areas that were seen as traditional female preserves/

37.  1900  became president of NAWSA  Made “conservative argument” for suffrage  would allow women to bring their special and distinct virtues more widely to bear on social problems  Focused on suffrage at the state level

39.  Alice Paul of NJ, leader  Mass pickets, parades, hunger strikes  1916  broke from NAWSA and formed National Woman’s Party

42.  BELIEF: parties corrupt, undemocratic, & reactionary; wanted to get power out of hands of political machines  Australian “secret” ballot –1888: MA was first state; 1910: in all states  Direct primaries –1903: introduced by Gov. Robert La LaFollette of Wisconsin –1915: some form of direct primary used in every state  Direct election of U.S. senators –1913: 17 th Amendment  Initiative – method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill  Recall – enabled voters to remove corrupt officials  Referendum – allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws on their ballots

43.  City bosses & their business partners were the targets  1897  Mayor Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones –Toledo, Ohio –Introduced comprehensive program of reform –Free kindergartens, night schools, & public playgrounds  Public Utilities –1915  2/3 of the nation’s cities owned their own water systems  Commissions and City Managers –1900  Galvaston, Texas

44. Charles Evan Hughes of NY Battled fraudulent insurance companies Hiram Johnson of CA Fought the Southern Pacific Railroad Robert La Follette of WI won passage of the “Wisconsin Idea” – a series of Progressive reforms that included direct primary, tax reform, RR regulation

45. Political parties never again had same kind of influence they did during the Gilded Age. Replaced by “interest groups”

46.  Some labor unions were active in reform movements (not the AFL)  Some political machines became vehicles of social reform in order to hold on to power  Tammany Hall and the example of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

47. Francis Perkins Future Secetary Of Labor

48. Alfred E. Smith – Future NYC Mayor and Presidential Candidate

49. Future Senator Robert Wagner

51.  Settlement House reformers like Jane Addams & Florence Kelly lobbied for –better schools –liberalized divorce laws –safety regulations for tenements & factories  Reformers believed criminals could learn to become effective citizens –Fought for system of parole –Juvenile reformatories –Limits on the death penalty

52.  Progressives split on the issue  Urban Progressives generally had little sympathy for the movement  Rural Progressives thought they could clean up morals and politics  1915  2/3 of state legislatures had prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages

53.  Francis E. Willard, leader  Advocated total abstinence from alcohol  1898  500,000 members

55.  Became a powerful political force  By 1916  persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons and bars  1917  18 th Amendment & Volstead Act

56.  Virtually all reforms agreed immigration had created social problems but disagreed on best way to respond  Do we help new residents adapt or limit immigration?  Eugenics  grade races and ethnic groups according to their genetic qualities  Some “experts” argued immigrants were polluting Americas racial stock  The Dillingham Report  “new immigrants” less assimilable than past immigrants  restrictions needed  Nativism gained strength

58.  Progressive Era coincided w/one of the worst periods of racism (the nadir)  Why are Progressives not progressive on race? - Shared general prejudices of the time - considered other reforms more important

59. “Separate but Equal” The rise of Jim Crow laws

60.  1890s  1,400 African Americans lynched!

61.  End of the 19 th c. 90% of African Americans lived in the South  1910 to 1930  millions migrated North to seek jobs in the cities - Deteriorating race relations - Destruction of the cotton crop (boll weevil) - Job opportunities

62. vs. Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Exposition, 1895 W.E.B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk, 1903

63.  1905  W.E.B. DuBois met with a group of black intellectuals in Niagara Falls, Canada  Discussed a program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks

64.  1908  founded by Du Bois, members of the Niagara Movement, & white progressives  Mission: - abolish all forms of segregation - increase educational opportunities - Federal anti-lynching law  1920  largest civil rights organization in the U.S. with over 100,000 members

65.  “Not Alms but Opportunity”  Tried to help those migrating from the South to northern cities  Reflected emphasis on self-reliance and economic advancement

67. Eugene V. Debs

69. Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.