1. Origin of Species (Chap. 20) Experimental results: The first steps of speciation have been produced in several laboratory experiments involving "geographic" isolation. For example, Diane Dodd took fruit flies from a single population and divided them into separate populations living in different cages to simulate geographic isolation. Half of the populations lived on maltose-based food, and the other populations lived on starch-based foods. After many generations, the flies were tested to see which flies they preferred to mate with. Dodd found that some reproductive isolation had occurred as a result of the geographic isolation and selection in the different environments: "maltose flies" preferred other "maltose flies," and "starch flies" preferred other "starch flies." Although, we can't be sure, these preference differences probably existed because selection for using different food sources also affected certain genes involved in reproductive behavior. This is the sort of result we'd expect, if allopatric speciation were a typical mode of speciation.

2. Species (Latin for “appearance”) morphological definition - type of living organism with fixed characteristics that distinguish it from other species –useful but doesn’t recognize that species evolve and may not be able to interbreed biological definition – a reproductively isolated group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations having a common gene pool that produce fertile offspring

3. Problems with defining a species many different species can interbreed –ex. dogs/dingos/wolves/coyotes/PLANTS fossils can’t be classified according to the biological definition some species reproduce asexually species that are geographically close to each other can breed but those far apart can’t

5. Classifying/Naming Species Systematics – the science of determining evolutionary relationships among organisms Taxonomy – the science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms Both deal with determining how to classify an organism. Use the binomial system consisting of genus and species to name the organism –started by Carolus Linnaeus normally use Latin names, names of people, or regions organism found

6. Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus, is often called the Father of Taxonomy. His system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms is still in wide use today (with many changes). His ideas on classification have influenced generations of biologists during and after his own lifetime, even those opposed to the philosophical and theological roots of his work.

7. Hierarchy of the taxa (also can have prefix super or sub in most taxa) –Kingdom (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) –Phylum –Class –Order –Family –Genus (capitalize & underline or italics) –Species (underline or italics) the hierarchy of names also defines the phylogeny (evolutionary history of an organism) –for example, two species in the same class should share more ancestry (more closely related) than two species in different classes

8. Kids Playing Chicken On Freeways Get Smashed. King Phillip called out for good soup. King Philip came over from Germany swimming. King Philip came over for good spaghetti. King Philip came over for good sex. Kings play chess on fat green stools. Kings play chess on fine gold steps. Kings play cards on fairly good soft velvet. (with "v" standing for "variety") Kings possess crowns of fine gem stones. Kenneth, please close our front gate soon. Keep plates clean or family gets sick. Killing people causes outbursts from general society. Klingon phasers charge on fast gray ships. Keep putting condoms on for good sex. King pine cones often form great saplings

12. 3 Approaches to classifying organisms Classical –based on homologies in comparative anatomy and embryology, and fossil evidence Phenetics –based entirely on measurable differences and similarities (not assumptions about homologies). Assign a # based on similar phenotypes.

13. Cladistics –classifies organisms based on when they branched from common ancestors but does not take into account how much they diverged