1. Scientific Classification and Taxonomy
SB 3 c.
Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems

2. CLASSIFICATION the grouping of organisms by similarities
Biological classifications are based on how organisms are related.
Group A
Group B

3. HISTORY: Aristotle- developed the 1st method of classification
He divided all living things into 2 major groups

4. Aristotle ( BC)

5. Aristotle’s Groups He divided all living things into 2 major groups
1. Plants
classified by size and structure
2. Animals
classified by habitat (where they lived)

6. HISTORY: Aristotle Problems with his system:
Frogs live in both water and on land

7. HISTORY: Aristotle Problems with his system:
Bats, birds and flying insects were grouped together

8. HISTORY:
Carolus Linnaeus- developed the modern system of classification
Father of Taxonomy

9. Taxonomy
the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms; the study of classification

10. MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Organisms are grouped together on the basis of:
Similarity in structure ( anatomy)
Panthera leo
Felis rufus
Felis domesticus

11. Similarity in structure
Canis lupus

12. Organisms are grouped together on the basis of:
Similarity in genetic makeup (biochemistry)

13. Organisms are grouped together on the basis of:
Similarity of embryonic development

15. Organisms are grouped together on the basis of:
Similarity in behavior

16. Organisms are grouped together on the basis of:
Similarity in evolutionary history
Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species based on comparing relationships between species using the fossil record

17. Classification is based on close evolutionary relationships of organisms.
Organisms classified in the same taxa (pl.) (taxon, sing.) share a common ancestry. They have evolved from the same common ancestral organism.

18. Classification is hierarchal
each successive level is smaller and more closely related than the one before it

19. Species – smallest taxon
Domain – Largest Group
Kingdom
Phylum (sing.)
Phyla (pl.)(Plants don’t have phyla, they have divisions.)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species – smallest taxon
These two taxa make up the scientific name.

20. Dominating kings play chess on fine gold sets.
D__________ k __________ p__________ c_________ o___________ f________ g_________ s________.
Dominating kings play chess on fine gold sets.

21. Dear King Phillip came over for great soup.
D_________K__________ p__________ c_________
o___________ f________ g_________ s________.
Dear King Phillip came over for great soup.

22. Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is a standard way of identifying a species with a scientific two-word name.
The first word is the genus name and the second the species name.

23. Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific name - 2 Latin names
- Genus and species
- Capitalize the first letter of the genus
- Do NOT capitalize the species
- ALWAYS underline or use italics
Ex. Homo sapiens

24. Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Homo sapiens
Common Name: Daddy & Olivia

25. Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Rudbeckia hirta
Common Name: Gloriosa daisy
or Black-eyed Susan

26. Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Pinus virginianis
Common Name: Virginia Pine

27. Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Harmonia axyridis
Common Name: Asian Ladybug

28. Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Name: Ophiophagus hannah
Common Name: King Cobra

29. Why use scientific names?
Common names do not indicate how organisms are related or classified.
Common names can be misleading.
(e.g., seahorse, weeping willow)
Organisms with more than one
common name leads to mass
confusion.

30. Why Latin?
Latin is no longer spoken, and therefore, does not change as spoken languages do.
So, scientific names remain the same forever.