1. Bellwork Write down anything you know about the following: – Alexander the Great – Macedonia – Darius III – Philip II – Alexandria Be prepared to discuss these at the beginning of class.

2. World History Section 3, Unit 5 Ancient Greece p. 4

3. Review What happened between Athens and Sparta? Was Greece united under Sparta? Who led Athens’ golden age?

4. Objectives Identify the role and legacy of Alexander the Great. Locate on a map Macedonia and outline Alexander’s conquest. Explain the long-term impact of Alexander’s conquest – Change of culture within his empire Identify the cultural characteristics of Hellenistic Greece in the arts, sciences, and philosophies. Compare Greek Classical Art to Hellenistic Art Define Hellenistic culture Identify and discuss the impact of Greece on the modern world

5. Post-Peloponnesian War The Peloponnesian War severely weakened the Greek city-states. This caused a decline in their military and economic power. – While Athens became a democracy again, it lost major power while Sparta was unable to hold on to it’s reign as a major military power after losing a battle to the city- state of Thebes. Despite the war being over, for the following 50 years, Athens and Sparta would continue to fight each other. – Question: if the Greeks are fighting each other, what is stopping an outside force from attacking them?

6. Macedonia Just north of Greece lied the kingdom of Macedonia.

7. Macedonia The Macedonians, who spoke a dialect of Greek and where very similar, were viewed as uncivilized foreigners who had no great society by the Greeks. In 359 B.C., Philip II took control, and he saw the weaknesses in Greece.

8. Philip II Philip, who became king at the age of 23, was shrewd and fearless. He took control of Macedonia, organized their political structure, and took them under his rule. He organized his troops into a professional army that utilized the phalanx formation popular amongst the Greeks.

9. Philip II It was known that in battle, if his phalanx had been broken, he would quickly have his cavalry strike through his opponents. Philip’s army was unstoppable and, within a short time, he prepared himself to invade Greece.

10. Conquest of Greece The Athenians were warned by a great orator- Demosthenes- of the threat that the Macedonians were to the Greeks. However, the Greek cities could not agree on any single policy. It would not be until 338 B.C. that Athens and Thebes would join forces against Philip. – However, this would prove too late. Philip II

11. Conquest of Greece (cont.) By the time Athens and Thebes came together, the Greeks had already lost to Philip’s son Alexander at the Battle of Chaeronea. The Greeks were unable to prevent the charge by the Macedonians.

12. Consequences Due to their loss, the Greek city-states were unable to prevent the advancement of Philips army who would spread across most of Greece. Philip would allow the Greek city-states to continue to self-govern themselves, but they were ultimately under the rule of Philip II. The Greek city-states, along with Philip, would come together to form the League of Corinth. – Grouping of city-states to ensure safety of Greece.

13. As you can see, everything in reddish to yellow is under Macedonian control. However, Sparta is not. Why do you think Sparta is the only city-state to not be under Macedonian control ?

14. Sparta Sparta did not become part of the League of Corinth, the only Greek city-state to do so. The Macedonians never attempted to conquer Sparta and Sparta never attempted to prevent the Macedonians from conquering Greece.

15. Sparta The Spartans refused to be controlled by an outside force and would not accept the leadership of non- Spartans. It is said that as a threat, Philip told the Spartans that “If I enter Laconia [the area Sparta controls], I will raze Sparta”, the Spartans responded with “if”.

16. Philip’s Death Philip had intended to invade Persia, but at his daughters wedding in 336 B.C., he was killed by a former guardsman. With the support of his army, his son Alexander immediately proclaimed himself king of Macedonia. Over the next 13 years, Alexander would become a powerful leader and be known to history as Alexander the Great.

17. Alexander the Great Although Alexander was only 20 years old when be became king, he was well prepared to lead. He had already become well trained by Aristotle in various schools of thought and in the use of weapons.

18. Alexander the Great Alexander was known for being ruthless. When he attacked Thebes, he killed almost 6,000 people and sold the survivors into slavery, quelling any thoughts of rebellion against him.

19. Alexander invades Persia With Greece secure under his power, Alexander felt free to invade Persia. In 334 B.C., he lead 35,000 soldiers into Anatolia, the homeland of Persia. Within a short time, Persians defended themselves with 40,000 soldiers. Instead of waiting for the Persians to attack first, Alexander sent an elite cavalry to attack, leading his men, he smashed through the Persian defenses.

20. Darius III Alexander’s victory alarmed the Persian king, Darius III. Vowing to crush the Macedonians, Darius raised a huge army of 50,000-75,000 men to face the Macedonians.

21. Darius III In response, Alexander surprised his opponents and ordered his men to break through the weakest points in the Persian lines. – His army rushed towards Darius, but to avoid capture, Darius fled the battlefield with his panicked army. This victory gave Alexander control over Anatolia, but not the whole of the Persian empire.

22. Failed attempts at peace Shaken by his defeat, Darius attempted to negotiate a peace settlement, in which Alexander would receive the western third of the Persian empire. Alexander- despite the urging of his advisors- did not accept the peace negotiation and knew that the declining power of the Persians would allow him to conquer the entire empire. – Question: why wouldn’t Alexander accept a peace negotiation?

23. Alexander conquering Egypt In 332 B.C., Alexander’s army marched into Egypt, a Persian territory, and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a liberator from the Persian rule. He was crowned Pharaoh and founded the city of Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile.

24. Conquering the Persian Empire After leaving Egypt, Alexander moved east into Mesopotamia to confront Darius. Darius attempted to raise an army of 250,000 men and met with Alexander at Guagamela (gwa-guh-mee-la), a small village near the ruins of ancient Nineveh*. *we will see the map in a few slides

25. Conquering the Persian Empire (cont.) Alexander launched a massive phalanx attack followed by a cavalry charge against the Persians and broke their lines. Once again, Darius panicked and fled the battle, leading to unopposed victory by the Macedonians and ending Persia’s power. Without any opposition, Alexander marched into Persia’s wealthiest provinces. – Within a short time, his army would occupy the capitals of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis (pur-seh- po-lis).

26. Babylon Susa Persepolis Gaugamela (not on map)

27. Alexander’s other conquests Once Alexander controlled south-west Asia, he continued to expand (rather than govern) his empire. He left Persepolis to trail Darius, whom he found dead in a area past the Caspian Sea– dead by the hand of one of his own men. – It’s said that in response, Alexander killed Darius’ killer—one of Darius’ own generals-- because he wanted the glory of killing Darius.

28. Alexander in India Instead of returning to Babylon, Alexander continued east and, during the next three years, he would continue expand his empire and push towards the edges of the Asian continent. In 327 B.C., Alexander and his army crossed into the Indus Valley and met with an Indian army that consisted of 200 war elephants.

29. Alexander’s march ends After a fierce battle, Alexander continued east for almost 200 miles, but the soldiers morale was low. – They had been fighting for 11 years and marched over 11,000 miles in horrible conditions. – Despite his yearning to continue forward, Alexander agreed to turn back to Babylon.

30. Plans for his empire In 323 B.C. Alexander returned back to Babylon. Excited to begin his rule, Alexander created plans to organize and unify his empire, which included constructing new cities, roads, and harbors. He also planned to conquer Arabia (the area now known as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, etc). However, Alexander would never carry out his plans.

31. Death of Alexander the Great A year after returning home, Alexander became seriously ill with a fever. Within eleven days, Alexander died of his illness- just a month shy of his 33 rd birthday.

32. Death of Alexander the Great Prior to his death, he predicted that his empire would go to his strongest general. His Macedonian generals fought amongst themselves until three took control: Antigonus (an-tee-go-nus) Ptolemy (toh-leh-me) Seleucus (seh-lew-cus) Write these names down in the next slide

33. How his empire was separated Antigonus took control of Macedonia and the Greek city-states. Ptolemy seized control of Egypt, named himself Pharaoh, and established a dynasty. Seleucus took control of most of the old Persian Empire. – Ignoring democratic traditions of the Greeks, all three established empires that would govern with complete control over the subjects.

34. Alexander’s Legacy Alexander’s conquest- along with his fathers- ended the era of independent Greek city-states. As he marched through Persia, many Greek artisans, merchants, and the like followed behind, bringing with them Greek culture. Overtime, Alexander’s presence would bring together the cultures of Greece, Egypt, and Persia (eastern customs).

35. Break: Review Video Please watch the following video (Alexander the Great and the Situation) and take note on anything that you recognize from before.video

36. Quick Review—Let’s Talk 1.What was the effect of Philip II’s rule over Greece? How did this affect the democratic society that existed? 2.Although the Persians had more soldiers, they still lost. Why do you think they still lost (think about who their leader was and what he was like)? 3.What was Sparta’s response to the Macedonian rule? 4.Why did the Macedonians attack Greece? 5.What was the effect of Alexander’s death on the unity of his empire? 6.Who were the three generals that took control after Alexander? What territory did each one claim?

37. Alexander the Great’s Role Alexander’s Empire extended from Greece into Africa and Asia. In doing so, he created various Greek outposts in the areas he conquered. After his death, trade would spread Greek culture throughout the areas and each region would soon develop it’s own traditional ways of life, religion, and government.

38. Recall: Dynasties After Alexander’s death, the empire was split into several dynasties: Who were the three generals that controlled each Dynasty?

39. Hellenistic Period After Alexander’s death, a vibrant new culture emerged. Greek culture blended with the conquered Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences. This blending became known as Hellenistic culture. During the Hellenistic period, the dynasties began to speak a similar language: Koine Greek (Alexandrian Greek) which became a trading language for the areas.

40. Alexandria Among the many cities in the Hellenistic world, the African city of Alexandria became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization. At the western edge of the Nile Delta, Alexandria was capable of keeping a thriving commerce economy through sea-trade with other nations.

41. Alexandria (cont.) By the third century B.C., Alexandria became a diverse community of Greeks, Jews, and Egyptians that numbered over a half million Alexandria became a international community, rich with customs and traditions from across the region.

42. Alexandria’s beauty Alexandria was admired for it’s beauty. Within Alexandria, one would find: – Broad Avenues lined with statues of Greek gods – Alexander's elaborate glass coffin – Pharos- the 400 ft. high lighthouse which reflected a large flame off of a bronze mirror – Library of Alexandria- a museum dedicated to the Muses: Greek goddesses of arts and sciences. It contained: Art galleries, a zoo, a botanical garden It was a home of advanced study and helped promote literature and the sciences

43. Alexandria in review Much of Ancient Alexandria has been lost, however, to both flooding and destruction. – The Library of Alexandria was burned down and the Pharos fell to earthquakes.

44. Alexandria’s Archeological Sites

46. Science and Technology During the Hellenistic period, the center of scholarship moved away from Athens and moved to Alexandria, which succeeded in preserving Greek and Egyptian learning in the sciences. It wouldn’t be until the 16 th and 17 th centuries that scientific advances would move past the discoveries made in Alexandria.

47. Astronomy Alexandria’s museum contained a small observatory for astronomers. One astronomer, Aristarchus, reached two scientific conclusions: – The sun was 300 times larger than the Earth – The Earth revolved around the sun

48. Aristarchus’s idea of the Sun Aristarchus did disprove the idea the sun was no bigger than Greece, but did greatly underestimate the size. The sun is 1.3 million times larger than the earth, not 300 times.

49. Aristarchus and the Earth Aristarchus did provide the first known model for the sun being the center of the known universe. However, other astronomers refused to support his heliocentric theory and instead supported Ptolemy’s incorrect geocentric belief that the earth was the center of the known universe.

50. Eratosthenes While scholars debated the earths position, a scholar named Eratosthenes closely calculated the earths true size. He skillfully used geometry to compute the earths circumference at 24,662 miles. Today, scientists know that the earth is actually 24,860 miles. – His estimate was within 1% of our modern calculations.

51. Euclid Eratosthenes and Aristarchus used a geometry text compiled by Euclid. Euclid was a highly regarded Alexandrian Greek mathematician who created the Elements, a book of 465 carefully presented geometric positions and proofs. His work became the basis for most modern day geometry. – His geometry is referred to as Euclidean Geometry

52. Question For any of the math whizzes out there: What theorem is being represented here?

53. Pythagorean Theorem Pythagoras, sometime around 550-470 B.C., founded a theorem that measures the three sides of a right triangle. – Triangle with one angle at 90 degrees.

54. Pythagorean Theorem The concept was known long before Pythagoras in earlier Chinese and Arabic texts (dating to around 1,100 B.C.) and may have been used by the Egyptians in the building of their pyramids. However, Pythagoras became famous for his theorem after his death when his works on the theorem were spread throughout the known world by Arabic invaders.

55. Archimedes Arguably the greatest scientist of the era, Archimedes revolutionized mathematics, the sciences, and engineering in Alexandria. He made extreme advances in physics and was a great inventor.

56. Pi Archimedes first created the value of Pi by accurately measuring the circumference of a circle to it’s diameter. He argued that Pi was between 3 10/71 or 3 1/7 (both would equal 3.14…)

57. Other works of Archimedes Archimedes screw– helped bring water out from a low- lying body of water when turned. Heat Ray: utilizing mirrors, Archimedes was believed to have set fire to enemy ships if they came too close by focusing rays of light onto them.

58. Archimedes Legacy Archimedes developed many other devices during his life, including improvements on the catapult, lever, and pulley system. Hellenistic scientists would later build on his knowledge and build force pumps, pneumatic machines, and a steam engine.

59. Philosophy and Art Like earlier Greek philosophers, Hellenistic scholars believed the universe followed rational principles. They felt that philosophy offered the best way to understand these principles. Although scholars would still follow the teachings of Plato and Aristotle, new schools of thought would lead into major philosophies of the Hellenistic period: – Stoicism and Epicureanism.

60. Stoicism The Greek philosopher Zeno founded the school of thought called Stoicism. Stoics believed in a divine power who controlled the universe. – They proposed that people should live a virtuous life in harmony with natural law. Stoics also preached that vices such as human desires, power, and wealth were dangerous distractions that should be controlled. – It promoted the belief that people should focus their lives on what they can control and promote social unity.

61. Epicureanism Epicureanism was founded by Epicurus and they believed that the universe was composed of atoms and ruled by gods who had no interest in humans. – They believed that the only real objects in the world were those you can perceive with your senses and that the greatest good and highest pleasure come from virtuous conduct and the absence of pain. i.e., people should be devoted to pursuing human pleasures. – Epicureans proposed that the main goal of humans was to achieve harmony of body and mind.

62. Art Sculpture flourished during the Hellenistic Age. Rulers, wealthy merchants, and cities all purchased statues to honor the gods, commemorate heroes, and portray ordinary people in everyday situations.

63. Colossus of Rhodes The largest known Hellenistic statue was the Colossus of Rhodes, a bronze statue that stood over 100 feet high. – The statue was of the Greek God Helios and stood over the harbor of Rhodes. – The statue, however, was destroyed in an earthquake in 226 B.C., but is still remembered as one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World.

64. Changes in Sculpture Art changed in the Hellenistic period. Hellenistic sculptures focused more on realism, emotion, natural postures, and even began to create ordinary people in sculpture and moved away from harmonic balance and idealized forms.

65. End of the Hellenistic Period By 150 B.C., the Hellenistic world was in decline. A new city, Rome, was growing and becoming stronger. Through Rome, Greek-style drama, architecture, sculpture, religion, and philosophy would be preserved and become the core of Western civilization.

66. Impact of Greece on the Modern World Greece has had an immense impact on the modern world in the areas of: – Architecture – Sports – Sciences – Government – Arts

67. Architecture Architectural styles that the Greeks utilized that are still used today include: – Slanted roofs – Pillars – Statues in the architecture – Sports stadiums Pillars, Slanted roof

68. Sports The Greeks valued and respected human strength. The Olympics still continues to this day and is a long lasting tribute to the Greek spirit of athleticism and sportsmanship

69. Sciences The Greeks developed and expanded on the sciences including: – Astronomy (size of the earth, heliocentric) – Geometry – Medicine (Hippocratic Oath) – Methods of arguing according to logic – Development of the lever, pulley, and pump

70. Government The Athenians developed one of the first known democratic governments in which they directly voted on issues. Although at the time only male, adult citizens could vote, this system would slowly grow and become the foundation of the modern democratic systems used by many countries that still exist today.

71. Arts The Greeks valued arts and left a lasting imprint on them including: – Focusing on the human form and creating a standard of art that future artists in history would be expected to meet (their art would greatly affect the Renaissance artists) – Creating drama and building the first theatres – Inventing both classical and Hellenistic art

72. Questions If you have any questions, please ask now.

73. Review the Objectives Define Hellenistic culture Compare Hellenistic Greek culture to Classical Greek culture based on: – Art – Sciences – Philosophies Identify and discuss the impact of Greece on the modern world Identify the role and legacy of Alexander the Great. Locate on a map Macedonia and outline Alexander’s conquest. Explain the long-term impact of Alexander’s conquest – Change of culture within his empire – Power of Greece

74. Next lesson In the next lesson, we are going to move into Ancient Rome and discuss their culture and civilization.

75. Reflection In this review, I want you to write a reflection– that it as least 1 ½ pages long– that discusses what you learned in this lesson. In this reflection, you should talk about some of the following concepts: Hellenistic versus classical Greek culture The effect of Alexander the Great on the culture of the region. Alexander’s reign. The scientific and mathematic contributions of Hellenistic culture.