1. Alexander & the Hellenistic Era
2.02 Identify the roots of Greek civilization and recognize its achievements from the Minoan era through the Hellenistic period.
2.03 Describe the developments and achievements of Roman civilization and analyze the significance of the fall of Rome.

2. Macedonians Invade Greece
Viewed by the Greeks as barbarians
Rural farmers
Probably not Greek
Emerged as a powerful kingdom by the 5th century BC

3. Philip II Came to power in 359 BC Built a powerful army
Turned Macedonia into the chief power of the Greek world
Admired Greek culture
Wanted to unite Greece under Macedonia
Crushed the Greeks in battle in 338 BC and gained control of the country
Wanted to invade Persia but was assassinated

4. Alexander the Great Philip’s son Took control when he was 20 years old
Began his attack of the Persian Empire in 334 BC
In two year he had control of Syria, Palestine and Egypt
Built Alexandria as the Greek capital of Egypt

5. Alexander the Great Reached all the way to India before turning back
Died at the age of 32
Legacy
Monarchy
Spread of Greek language and culture throughout parts of Asia and northern Africa
Spread Eastern culture throughout Greece

6. The Hellenistic Era
Word Hellenistic comes from Greek word meaning “to imitate Greeks”
Describes an age that saw the expansion of the Greek language and ideas to the non-Greek world

7. Hellenistic Kingdoms
Alexander’s kingdom fell apart soon after his death
4 Hellenistic kingdoms emerged
Macedonia
Syria
Pergamum
Egypt

8. Hellenistic Kingdoms Greeks and Macedonians formed the ruling class
All government business was transacted in Greek
New cities spread Greek culture as far as modern Afghanistan and India

9. Hellenistic Cities Alexandria Pergamum
Became home to scholars of all kinds
Library became the largest in ancient times
Museum that welcomed scholarly research
Pergamum
Most important city in Asia Minor
Attracted scholars and artists
Library was only second to Alexandria

10. Hellenistic Arts & Literature
Founding of new cities presented opportunities for architects and sculptors
Buildings and sculptures maintained characteristics of classical Greece
Literature was very important although little of it remains
A new type of comedic play emerged that only entertained

11. Astronomy Aristarchus Eratosthenes
Developed the theory that the sun was the center of the universe
Eratosthenes
Determined that the Earth was round
Calculated a close approximation of the circumference of the Earth

12. Mathematics
Euclid
Wrote a textbook on plane geometry that has been used up to modern times

13. Science Archimedes Established the values of pi
Devised the “Archimedes’ screw” a machine used to pump water out of mines and to lift irrigation water

14. Philosophy Athens remained the center of philosophy Epicureanism
Founded by Epicurus
Believed that human beings were free to follow their own self interests and make happiness their goal
The means to happiness was the pursuit of pleasure
Pleasure = freedom from emotional turmoil and worry
Pleasure centered on friendship

15. Philosophy Stoicism Taught by Zeno
Material possessions were not necessary in order to be happy
Happiness could only be found by living in harmony with the will of God
Once you live in harmony you can bear whatever life offers
Public service was regarded as noble