1. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Chapter 3 Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders

2. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon IDEA Definition of Learning Disabilities  Student does not achieve  commensurate with his or her age and ability  in one or more several specific areas  when provided with appropriate learning experiences – The student has participated in but does not respond adequately to a scientific, research- based intervention. (RTI)

3. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Learning Disabilities Definition (continued) Oral Expression Listening Comprehension Written Expression Basic Reading Skills Reading Comprehension Mathematics Calculation Mathematics Reasoning

4. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Definition of Specific Learning Disability (continued) Discrepancy between achievement and ability is NOT primarily the result of: – Visual, hearing or motor disability – Mental retardation – Emotional disturbance – Environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage

5. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Characteristics of Students with LD Most students with LD seem more different than alike. – Overriding characteristics: Unexpected difficulty or low performance in one or more academic areas Ineffective or inefficient information processing or learning strategies in the area(s) of difficulty

6. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Types of Learning Disabilities Dyslexia – Severe difficulty in learning to read, particularly with decoding and spelling Dysgraphia – Severe difficulty learning to write, including handwriting Dyscalculia – Severe disability in learning mathematical concepts and computation

7. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Learning Disabilities: Dyslexia From student final PPt presentation, used with permission

8. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Instructional Strategy From Student final PPt presentation, with permission Multi-sensory instruction, especially kinesthetic, Reading a variety of texts Alternative presentations Assistive technology Extra time for assignments

9. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Learning Disabilities & Dyscalculia

10. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Instructional Strategies From Student final PPt presentation, with permission Use visuals and key words Use a multisensory approach: free math songs http://www.kidsknowit.com/educational- songs/index.php?topic=Math http://www.kidsknowit.com/educational- songs/index.php?topic=Math http://www.songsforteaching.com

11. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Why the Increase in the Prevalence of Learning Disabilities? (Hallahan, 1992; Lerner, 2001) Growing public awareness of LD Greater social acceptance Limited alternatives for other students at-risk Social and cultural influences on central nervous system integrity Increasing needs for literacy at work and daily life

12. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Instructional Strategies and Accommodations for Students with LD No one approach is relevant for all students Provide overview of lesson or unit Use Visuals (I.e., overhead projector) Organize learning activities and working groups Relate the learning to the students’ daily lives Use Advance Organizers Be creative and humorous

13. Copyright © 2007 by Allyn & Bacon Common Practices that increase Academic Success of Students with LD Use “Best Teaching Practices” Direct instruction Cognitive strategies memory organization self-questioning