1. Conservation Biology Photo from Greg Dimijian

2. Map from pubs.usgs.gov; photo of grizzlies from Wikimedia Commons Value that Nature has as a means to another’s (i.e., mankind’s) end Anthropocentric viewpoint (i.e., from the perspective of Homo sapiens as “possessor”) Instrumental Value

3. Photos from Wikimedia Commons Value that Nature has as an end in itself Biocentric or ecocentric viewpoint (i.e., from the perspective of Nature as “possessor”) E.g., biodiversity is valuable simply because it exists E.g., non-human species have rights Intrinsic Value

4. Photo from Wikimedia Commons Coined “conservation ethic” Gifford Pinchot (1865 – 1946) First Chief of the U.S. Forest Service (1905 – 1910) Resource Conservation Ethic Utilitarian, anthropocentric “natural resource” philosophy; “the greatest good of the greatest number for the longest time” Conservation Biologists / Environmentalists in the U. S.

5. Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862) Walden (1854) John Muir (1838 – 1914) Founded Sierra Club (1892) Image of Emerson, photos of Thoreau and T. Roosevelt with Muir from Wikimedia Commons Romantic-Transcendental Conservation Ethic “Nature has uses other than human economic gain;” biophilia Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 – 1882) Nature (1836) Conservation Biologists / Environmentalists in the U. S.

6. Photo from Oregon State University Evolutionary-Ecological Land Ethic Arose together with the Modern Synthesis and maturing ecological theory; recognizes the complexity, interconnectedness (including humans) and dynamism of Nature Aldo Leopold (1887 – 1948) A Sand County Almanac (1949) Conservation Biologists / Environmentalists in the U. S.

7. Photo of Carson from Wikimedia Commons Rachel Carson (1907 – 1964) Silent Spring (1962) – motivated creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Conservation Biologists / Environmentalists in the U. S.

8. Conservation Biology is a “crisis discipline” Photo of Soulé from hawaiiconservation.org Michael Soulé Co-founder of the Society for Conservation Biology (1985) Conservation Biologists / Environmentalists in the U. S.

9. Image from Wikimedia Commons K/T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) Mass Extinction ~ 65 m.y.a.; Ended the reign of the dinosaurs P/Tr (Permain-Triassic) Mass Extinction ~ 251 m.y.a.; ~ 96% of all marine species & ~ 70% of all terrestrial species Current mass extinction could result in ~ 50% of species going extinct in 100 years (Wilson 2002) ? Extinction in the Geologic Record

10. Image of Passenger Pigeon (extinct North American bird, once found in Louisiana) from Wikimedia Commons “Martha” – the last living passenger pigeon – died on Sept. 1, 1914 in captivity in Cincinnati, OH Historic Extinction – Conservation Biology is a “Crisis Discipline”

11. Photo from Wikimedia Commons; For more information on HIPPO, see: E. O. Wilson (2002) The Future of Life H abitat destruction E. O. Wilson (b. 1929) I nvasive species P ollution Human P opulation O verexploitation Threats to Biodiversity

12. Photos of forest destruction in Brazil & Malaysia H IPPO Habitat Destruction & Degradation

13. Image from Discover Magazine, Jan-Feb 2010 Special Issue, “Top 100 Stories of 2009” – “#92: Nowhere to Hide from the Buzz of Civilization H IPPO Habitat Destruction & Degradation “An ever-expanding network of roads, railways, rivers, and shipping lanes means that only 10 percent of the earth’s surface is now remote, defined as being at least 48 hours away from a major city. More than half of the world‘s population lives within an hour of a major city…”

14. Kudzu Snakehead Walking catfish H I PPO Invasive Species

15. “Photoshopped” image of airplanes from www.surfersvillage.com HI P PO Pollution

16. NASA image from May 24, 2010 posted on Wikimedia Commons HI P PO Pollution

17. A.D. 2000 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1 1000 B.C. 2000 B.C. 3000 B.C. 4000 B.C. 5000 B.C. 6000 B.C. 7000 B.C. 1+ million years 8 7 6 5 2 1 4 3 Old Stone Age New Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Middle Ages Modern Age Black Death—The Plague 9 10 11 12 A.D. 3000 A.D. 4000 A.D. 5000 1800 1900 1950 1975 2000 2100 ? Future Billions of People Image from the Population Reference Bureau © 2006 HIP P O Human Population “More people means more of all the other HIPPO effects” (Wilson, 2002)

18. Atlantic Cod HIPP O Overexploitation

19. HIPP O Overexploitation Parrots

20. Ecosystem goods & services illustrated with photos of wetland, pollinator & “decomposer” – Wikimedia Commons Costanza et al. (1997, Nature) provide this estimate for the value of these ecosystem goods & services: ~ $33,000,000,000,000 / yr […and the gross world product (the sum of all nations’ gross national products) is ~ $18,000,000,000,000 / yr] Monetizing the Instrumental Value of Nature