1. 1 Chapter 3: How Personality Influences Human Relations Lecture 5

2. 2 Where in the world? How does geography influence culture? Geographical region influence Non-geographical influence

3. 3 Geographical region influence Particular challenges (and their resolution) in the environment shape cultural values, norms, and behavior patterns. Challenges include such things as: availability of resources population density Climate

4. 4 Non-geographical influence Culture permeates the lives and choices made as people pursue individual goals. Non-geographical influences include such things as: age gender education ethnicity race religion related social needs

5. 5 What makes me this way?

6. 6 Why Study Personality? Personality is often described in theoretical terms. Theory refers to a set of beliefs that has been tested a number of times and considered valid. It is an explanation of “what makes people tick.”

7. 7 What IS Personality? PERSONALITY (p. 76) refers to a person’s unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent over time and across situations. It can be studies from the psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, and trait theory perspectives.

8. 8 How Is Personality Studied? There are several mainstream theories of personality: Psychoanalytic Behaviorist Humanist Trait

9. 9 Are You Afraid of Freud? Overview Freud was first to formulate a personality theory, known as psychoanalytic theory. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (p.76) suggests that our personality is shaped by an ongoing internal struggle between two or more conflicting needs.

10. 10 What Characterizes Freudian Struggle? Struggle exists between three forces: Desire to satisfy our most basic needs Need to adhere to society’s laws and rules Goal of living within the one’s own personal moral code

11. 11 Freud ’ s Iceberg Model See page 77

12. 12 What Does This Model Convey? Much personality resides in the unconscious. CONSCIOUS (p. 77) is the portion of our mind that we are aware of at any given time. UNCONSCIOUS (p. 77) is the large portion of our mind including thoughts, feelings, memories, and expectations, that we are not aware of. PRECONSCIOUS (p. 78) is the part of the unconscious that can be brought into consciousness by focusing on it.

13. 13 Three Components of Personality ID EGO SUPEREGO

14. 14 Summary of Freudian Personality Components See page 79

15. 15 How Do These Components Work Together? Do you know? HINT: Defense mechanism Do you know? HINT: Defense mechanism

16. 16 What Are Defense Mechanisms? DEFENSE MECHANISMS (p. 81) are strategies over unconscious uses to resolve anxiety. Familiarity with defense mechanisms is an effective tool in understanding the behavior of others. Defense mechanisms include such things as: RATIONALISM 理性論 / 合理主義 REPRESSION 抑制 DISPLACEMENT 轉移 PROJECTION 投射 REACTION FORMATION REGRESSION 逆行 / 退步 SUBLIMATION 昇華 / 理想化

17. 17 Carl Roger ’ s Self Theory Fulfillment of potential means becoming a FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON (p. 94) (one who gets along well with others by offering unconditional positive regard and genuinely caring about them).

18. 18 How Does Self-Esteem Affect Us? Self-esteem is essential to growth and fulfillment of one’s potential  positive self- esteem developed through unconditional positive regard. Positive self-esteem = treat others well Negative self-esteem = treat others poorly

19. 19 Critical Thinking Questions Give some examples of unconditional and/or conditional positive regard that you have received in your life. How did you feel as a result of these messages? (See page 95)

20. 20 Maslow ’ s Need Hierarchy MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY (p. 95) (A model which suggests that lower-order needs must be met before we can focus on higher-order needs).

21. 21 What Did Maslow Posit? Human are born with innate drive to maximize potential. Maximizing one’s potential revolves around self-actualization. People are challenged by a series of needs as they strive to become self-actualized. Lower order needs must be fulfilled before higher order needs are addressed.

22. 22 What Is Self-Actualization? SELF-ACTUALIZATION (p. 95) occurs when an individual has developed a complete sense of who she is what her strengths are, and routinely acts in a way that is consistent with that.

23. 23 What Are Self-Actualized People Like? See page 97

24. 24 How Is Humanist Theory Related to Human Relations? Humanist theory offers a positive alternative to the psychoanalysts and the deterministic perspectives. Humans have an innate tendency to grow in a positive direction and positive environmental conditions to reach that goal. Humans who act to hurt self or others do so because of negative environmental conditions that can be changed.