2. CASUALTY INSURERS’ TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE RECURRING LOSSES CASUALTY INSURERS’ TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE RECURRING LOSSES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

3. BACKGROUND

4. INSURED PERILS WIND EARTHQUAKE FLOOD (MAINLY GOV.) WINTER STORMS HAIL FIRE INSURANCE: “TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS” WILL BENEFIT EVERYONE REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL VULNERABILITIES

5. CONTRIBUTIONS OF NATURAL HAZARDS: TO RECURRING LOSSES CONTRIBUTIONS OF NATURAL HAZARDS: TO RECURRING LOSSES EARTHQUAKES: GREATEST SINGLE- EVENT POTENTIAL LOSS OF LIFE WINDSTORMS, EARTHQUAKES, AND FLOODS: ANNUAL ECONOMIC LOSSES ARE DISTRIBUTED NEARY EQUALLY BUSINESS INTERRUPTION FROM ALL HAZARDS CAUSES MAJOR ECONOMIC LOSSES EARTHQUAKES: GREATEST SINGLE- EVENT POTENTIAL LOSS OF LIFE WINDSTORMS, EARTHQUAKES, AND FLOODS: ANNUAL ECONOMIC LOSSES ARE DISTRIBUTED NEARY EQUALLY BUSINESS INTERRUPTION FROM ALL HAZARDS CAUSES MAJOR ECONOMIC LOSSES

6. MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS SEVERE WINDSTORMS: “HURRICANES”

8. MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS METAL EDGE FLASHING COVERINGMETAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETEROOF ASSEMBLY: ABOVE DECK (COVERING) AND DECK (METAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE) FASTENERS:: TYPES AND SPACING WINDOWS AND DOORSOPENINGS: WINDOWS AND DOORS

9. FOR SEVERE WINDSTORMS (Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones) HIGHEST PRIORITY ARE MEASURES THAT PROTECT ROOFS AND BUILDING FACADE OPENINGS. RESEARCH ON WINDOW COVERINGS SHOULD BE ACCELERATED.

14. MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS “EARTHQUAKES”

16. WELL KNOWN VULNERABILITIES IN RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL STRUCTURES ROOF SYSTEMS BUILDING ENVELOPES STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOUNDATION SYSTEMS NON-STRUCTURAL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

17. WELL KNOWN VULNERABILITIES UNREINFORCED MASONRY WEAKNESS LOAD PATHSOFT-STORY WEAKNESS (LOAD PATH) LOAD PATHCRIPPLE WALL WEAKNESS (LOAD PATH) UNREINFORCED MASONRY and CHIMNEY WEAKNESS FOUNDATION ANCHORAGE WEAKNESS INTERIOR CONTENTS

22. MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS HIGHEST PRIORITY SOLUTIONS ARE THE MEASURES THAT PROVIDE A CONTINUOUS LOAD PATH

23. HIGHEST PRIORITY SOLUTIONS ARE THE MEASURES THAT INCREASE LATERAL RESISTANCE. TO GROUND SHAKING

24. BASE ISOLATION FOR EARTHQUAKES RESEARCH ON ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES SHOULD BE ACCELERATED.

25. MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS: REDUCE VULNERABILIES DUE TO IRREGULARITIES IN BUILDING ELEVATIONS SOURCE: Swiss Re

26. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1-2 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. BUILDING ELEVATION Box

27. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation. BUILDING ELEVATION Pyramid

28. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 - 6 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Inverted Pyramid

29. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5 - 6 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join. BUILDING ELEVATION “L”- Shaped Building

30. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 3 - 5 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower. BUILDING ELEVATION Inverted “T”

31. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 2 - 3 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor. BUILDING ELEVATION Multiple Setbacks

32. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 - 5 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Overhang

33. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 6 - 7 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Partial “Soft” Story

34. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors. BUILDING ELEVATION “Soft” First Floor

35. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 9 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Combination of “Soft” Story and Overhang

36. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure. BUILDING ELEVATION Building on Sloping Ground

37. LOOKING AHEAD

38. ARE PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS POSSIBLE? YES, … WHEN INSURERS, HOME OWNERS, BUSINESSES, AND COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERS WORK TOGETHER TO REDUCE RECURRING LOSSES FROM WELL- KNOWN VULNERABILITIES IN THEIR COMMUNITY.

39. Concerted Global Effort to Find The Ten Most Wanted Solutions Living With Potential Disaster Agents Continuing Education Ecology Community Resilience Vulnerability Reduction Land Use Public Awareness Public Health Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Building To Withstand Disaster Agents Safer New Construction Hazard Characterization Risk Assessment Managing Unacceptable Risk Global Codes and Performance Standards Learning From Disasters and Sharing Knowledge Accelerating Implementation of Knowledge Laboratories to Increase Knowledge Data Collection / Data Integration Sharing knowledge and Technology Global Centers of Excellence Indicators of and Solutions For Reducing Vulnerability

40. WHO BENEFITS? EVERYONE BENEFITS AS MORTALITY, MORBIDITY, AND ECONOMIC LOSSES ARE REDUCED IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO IMPLEMENTATION OF MEASURES TO REDUCE PHYSICAL VULNERABILITIES IN THEIR COMMUNITY.

41. BUSINESS INTERRUPTION AFFECTS BUSINESS SURVIVAL BUSINESS INTERRUPTION AFFECTS BUSINESS SURVIVAL TWENTY PERCENT OF SMALL- TO- MEDIUM SIZE COMPANIES SUFFER DISASTERS EVERY 5 YEARS FORTY-THREE PERCENT NEVER REOPEN FOR BUSINESS

43. BOOK OF BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE - Perspectives KNOWLEDGE - Perspectives On Science, Policy, On Science, Policy, And Change And Change

44. NAT. HAZARDS PROVIDE A GLOBAL DATABASE SEVERE WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES FLOODS WINTER STORMS HAIL STORMS FIRE BUSINESS INTERRUPTION LOSS OF FUNCTION CATASTROPHES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT INSURANCE: “TEN MOST WANTED SOLUTIONS” GOAL: COMMUNITIY DISASTER RESILIENCE REDUCTION OF PHYSICAL VULNERABILITIES