1. Module 1: Database System

2. Overview Introduction Traditional File Based System Database Approach
Roles in Database Environment
The History of Database System
Advantages and Disadvantages of Database Systems

3. Introduction
Database is now such an integral part of our day to day life.
We can consider a
Database to be collection of related data .
DBMS to be a software that manages and controls access to the database

4. Traditional File Based System
A Collection of application programs that perform services for the end users such as the production of reports. Each file define and manages its own data
Data Entry
And Reports
File handling Routine
Sale File
File Definition
Sale Computer
Data Entry
And Reports
File handling Routine
File Definition
Contract Computer
Contract File

5. Limitations of the File-Base Approach
Separation and isolation of data
Duplication of data
Data dependence
Incompatibility of data
Fixed queries

6. Database Approach
A shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), design to meet the information needs an organization
DBMS
A software system that enables users to define, create and maintain database and which provides controlled access to this database.
DDL
DML
DCL

7. Components of DBMS Environment
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures
People
Data
Hardware
Software
Procedures
People
Bridge
Machine
Human

8. Roles in Database Environment
Data and Database Administrator
Data Administrator (DA)
Planning
Database Administrator (DBA)
Physical
Database Designer
Application programmers
End User
Native User
Sophisticated User

9. The History of Database System
1960s Apollo moon-landing project need a database
North American Aviation(Now Rockwell International) develop a software GUAM(Generalized Update Access Method) based on smaller components come together as a part of large component. This structure also known as hieratical structure.
Mid 1960s IBM joined NAA to develop GUAM now known as IMS (Information management system)
Mid 1960s another significant development IDS (Integrated Data Store) from General Electric.

10. The History of Database System
1967 US govt. assigned a task to Database Task Group (DBTG) to define standard.
DBTG released a first report which identified three components in 1969.
Network Schema---Database definition seen by the DBA (DDL)
Subschema---seen by user and application program (DDL)
Data Management language—data characteristics (DML)

11. The History of Database System
This report was not formally adopted by ANSI(American National Standards Institute)
1970, E.F Codd of IBM produce a concept of relation data model
It has two major development
SQL (Structure Query Language)
RDBMS in 1980s DB2 and SQL/DS from IBM and Oracle from Oracle Corporation. (First Generation)
Second Generation (RDBMS)
Paradox and dBase IV from Borland, Access from Microsoft, FoxPro and R:base from Microrim.
Third Generation
Object Oriented Data Model (OODM)
Extended Relation Data Model (ERDM)

12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Database Systems
Control of data redundancy
Data consistency
More information from the same amount of data
Sharing of data
Improved data integrity
Improved security
Enforcement of standards
Economy of scale

13. Advantages and Disadvantages of Database Systems
Balanced conflating requirements
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
Increased productivity
Improved maintenance through data independence
Increased concurrency
Improved backup and recovery services

14. Advantages and Disadvantages of Database Systems
Complexity
Size
Cost of DBMS
Additional Hardware cost
Cost of Conversion
Performance
High impact of failure