1. Professor Colette Fagan University of Manchester, UK ETUI International conference Women’s health and work, 4-6 March 2015 Gender, working conditions and health - headlines from the European Working Conditions Survey

2. Introduction – why are there gender inequalities? Employment Segregation: Women and men work in different jobs  job quality impacts on health Working time: Men spend more time in employment over the working week and working lifetime  working-time impacts on health and on WLB Domestic division of labour: Women have more onerous ‘second shift’ of housework and care work  work-life balance? Health? Sexism and sex discrimination – Includes effort to be accepted or ‘prove yourself’ in male- dominated positions (also for men in feminised jobs)

3. Basic gender gaps in employment Employment rate is lower for women – EU27, 2013: 69.5% for men and 59.8% for women (gender gap = 10.6 percentage points, falls to 3.8 in Sweden) Women’s jobs more likely to be part-time or temporary – Part-time: 32.5% of employed women and 8.7% of employed men in EU27, 2013 – Fixed-term contract/temporary agency work: 12% of male, 14% of female (includes 5% of female part-time employees), EWCS 2010 – Self employment more common for men (18%) than women (10%) – Similar rates of multiple job holding (7% of employed men and women in EU27, EWCS 2010) Gender pay gap - women are paid less, even in similar jobs (~16% in EU27) – Minimum wage jobs; lack of equal pay for equal value, slower promotion

4. Occupational segregation, by gender, EU-27 (%) ISCO code (1 digit)OccupationMenWomen 1Managers6931 2Professionals4654 3Technicians and associate professionals50 4Clerical support workers3367 5Service and sales workers3367 6Skilled agricultural workers6535 7Craft and related trades workers8813 8Plant and machine operators8515 9Elementary occupations5149 Total5545 Note: Based on ISCO-08 1-digit code. Armed forces occupations (0) are omitted due to the very small number of occurrences. Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

5. Gender segregation of industrial sectors, EU-27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey, n=33,218

6. Gender, working-time and work- life balance

7. Volume of working hours by gender, EU-27 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey, n=32,826

8. Poor fit of working hours with family or social commitments, by age and gender, EU27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

9. Composite working time (in hours) by gender and family situation, EU-27 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

10. Gender and Hazardous working conditions

11. Exposure to physical risks, by gender (% exposed quarter of the time or more), EU-27 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

12. Exposure to combined physical risks, by gender & age, EU-27 Note: Index scores, EU27 average = 100 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012 )

13. Exposure to combined physical risks, by occupation, EU-27 Note: Index scores, EU27 average = 100 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012 )

14. Bullying, harassment and discrimination Exposure has negative effect on mental health problems Difficult to measure in surveys – under-reporting, cultural differences in what is acceptable (especially for sexual attention), job exits for the most traumatised EWCS 2010 shows exposure rates similar for men and women, except women more exposed to unwanted sexual attention – In one month 11% of workers were verbally abused and 5% experienced humiliating behaviour – Over the previous year 2% were subjected to physical violence – Unwanted sexual attention experienced by 2% of workers (twice as likely for women in last month, three times as likely over 12 months)

15. Gender and work intensity - time pressures

16. % who work at high speed, by gender and occupation, EU27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (adapted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

17. % who do not have enough time, by gender and occupation, EU27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (adapted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

18. Gender and health/well-being outcomes

19. Workers’ perception that their job puts their health and safety at risk, by occupation and gender, EU-27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (adapted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

20. Health problems in the last 12 months, EU-27 (%) WomenMen Backache4746 Muscular pains in shoulders, neck and/or upper limbs4541 Headache/eyestrain4633 Muscular pains in lower limbs30 Insomnia or general sleep difficulties2116 Stomach ache1512 Injury611 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

21. Poor general health, EU-27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (adapted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

22. Mental health at risk (WHO-5), EU-27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (adapted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

23. Wellbeing across occupations, EU-27 Note: High = 5 Low = 1 (WHO-5 scale). Occupations are based on ISCO-08 categories Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Smith et al, 2013)

24. Conclusions Men and women are employed in different jobs, with different exposures to health risks Gender inequalities in health outcomes – women have more health problems and lower wellbeing scores Men work longer hours – longer absolute exposure to work hazards, including hazard of long work hours on health and work-life imbalance

25. References Parent Thirion, A.P., Vermeylen, G., van Houten, G., Lyly-Yrjänäinen, M., Biletta, I., Cabrita, J. (2012) Fifth European Working Conditions Survey, Publications Office of the European Union, Eurofound: Luxembourg. Smith, M., Piasna, A., Burchell, B., Rubery, J., Rafferty, A., Rose, J., Carter, L. (2013) Women, men and working conditions in Europe, Publications Office of the European Union, Eurofound: Luxembourg. Burchell, B., Fagan, C., O’Brien, C., Smith, M. (2007): Working conditions in the European Union: The gender perspective, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Burchell, B., Fagan, C. (2002): Gender, jobs and working conditions in the European Union, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

26. END OF PRESENTATION Background slides (reference only)

27. Women’s employment rate (aged 15-64) and gender gap (%), 2013 Source: 2013 European Labour Force Survey

28. % of the employed (aged 15-64) who work part-time, 2013 Source: 2013 European Labour Force Survey

29. % Employees with a temporary contract (fixed term or temporary agency), EU-27 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey, n = 27,403 MenWomenAll All employees11.61412.7 Full-time employees (>30 hours per week)10.19.19.7 Part-time employees (<30 hours per week)1.54.93.1

30. % of the employed with more than one job, EU- 27 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey, n=32,691

31. Gender segregation of industrial sectors, EU-27 (%) Nace-rev1 1-digitSectorMenWomen AAgriculture, hunting & forestry65.634.4 BFishing1000 CMining & quarrying88.311.7 DManufacturing67.932.1 EElectricity, gas & water supply78.921.1 FConstruction90.19.9 GWholesale & retail trade; repair of motor vehicles50.449.6 HHotels & restaurants45.454.6 ITransport, storage & communication77.122.9 JFinancial intermediation53.646.4 KReal estate activities57.142.9 LPublic admin & defence; compulsory social security54.945.1 MEducation33.366.7 NHealth & social work22.977.1 OOther service activities41.558.5 PActivities of households9.690.4 QActivities of extraterritorial orgs. & bodies6535 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey, n=33,218

32. Distribution of male and female workers by ‘gendered occupations’, EU-27 (%) MenWomen Very male dominated white collar (80% men or more)102 Male dominated white-collar (60-80% men)94 Mixed white-collar1722 Female dominated white-collar (60-80% women)1646 Very female dominated white collar (80% women or more)16 Very female dominated blue collar (80% women or more)00 Female dominated blue-collar (60-80% women)28 Mixed blue-collar00 Male dominated blue-collar (60-80% men)1510 Very male dominated blue collar (80% men or more)302 Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

33. Handling angry clients (almost) all the time, by gender and age, EU27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (extracted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

34. % who work to tight deadlines, by gender and occupation, EU27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (adapted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)

35. Ability to do job at age 60, EU-27 (%) Source: 2010 European Working Conditions Survey (adapted from Parent-Thirion et al, 2012)