1. Seminar Instructors: Prof. Chen, Paris Honglay Prof. Cheng, Jie-Dar Prof. Lin,Der-Guey Prof. Chen, Su-Chin Speaker: Piyapit Khonkaen 畢雅蘋 896420072010/06/18 The Valuation of Above-ground Carbon Content in Teak Plantation

2. 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Methodology 4. Results and Discussion 5. Conclusion 6. References

3.  Forests are the most efficient natural land use cover for sequestering and storing atmospheric CO 2.  Ecosystem services have been conceptualised as transformations of natural assets (soil, water, atmosphere and living organisms) into goods and other products that are valuable to people (David Shelton et al., 2001).  The type of technique chosen for ecosystem valuation will depend on the type of ecosystem services to be assessed as well as the quantity and quality of data available.

4.  At present, C sequestration is valued as a function of credit emission reductions (CERs), based on the difference between the amount of C stored in scenario projects and the baseline, current amount of C stored in the system (UNFCCC, 2004).  Variability in C sequestration can be high within complex agro-ecosystems, depending on factors such as vegetation age, structure, management practices, land uses and landscape (Montagnini and Nair, 2004). 4

5. To assess the carbon storage capacity of above- ground biomass for plantation systems are as follow: (M. Henry et al., 2009). (1) Their current status in terms of biomass structure, diversity and functioning, (2) The factors driving variability in above-ground C stocks across farms and (3) The potential for increasing above-ground C stocks through changes in the structure of the ecosystem and/or land use. 5

6. Objectives 1. to estimate C sequestration potential in above- ground under different scenarios. 2. to analyses and values the benefits of the carbon sequestration.

7.  Most of the literature on carbon sequestration has focused on its cost-effectiveness, and it has been shown that the agricultural and forest sectors have the potential to abate a significant amount of carbon emissions (McCarl and Schneider 2001).  Global carbon sequestration and forestry potential of biomass production depend on the magnificent management of the forest extent for the greater global carbon sequestration.

8. Figure 1:Taiwan's GHG emissions inventories Source: Environmental Protection Administration, R.O.C.(Taiwan), 2009

9. Figure 2: Total CO 2 emissions increase from fossil fuels combustion turned slowdown and the annual growth rate was going down.

10. Carbon Stock of Forest Resource in Taiwan  Although Taiwan is a small island, estimate of Taiwan's forest carbon storage is about 591.6 million tons in total, with absorption from the atmosphere around 19.1 million tons per year.  The annual absorption rate compensates 10.2~21.1% of the emission from local petrochemical industry. Source: Environmental Protection Administration, R.O.C.(Taiwan), 2009

11. The study area is located at Shi Tou Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University, in central Taiwan. The 3 sampling sites are at 1.Ching Shui Kuo #1 2.Ching Shui Kuo #2 3.Shui Li Study area Figure 3: The study area

12. Data collection 1. Forest inventory data obtained Teak (Tectona grandis) plantation according to the experimental forest of National Taiwan University. 2. Basal diameter (5 cm above ground) and diameter at breast height (1.3 m above ground) (DBH), were measured on standing trees. 3. Forest inventories were measured and used within the areas managed of Ching Shui Kou and Shui Li.

13. Data analysis Teak biomass was calculated by the equation of Petmark and Sahunalu (1980) Log W S = 0.9797 log (D 2 H) – 1.6902 ; r 2 = 0.9930 Log W B = 1.0605 log (D 2 H) – 2.6326 ; r 2 = 0.9567 Log W L = 0.7088 log (D 2 H) – 1.7383 ; r 2 = 0.8523 where, D = Diameter at breast height (cm) H = Height of tree (m) W S = Stem biomass (kg) W B = Branch biomass (kg) W L = Leaf biomass (kg)

14. Data analysis  above-ground biomass of plant per a given area (t ha -1 ) was determined and all calculated biomass were summed to find out the total above-ground biomass (t ha -1 ).  The above-ground biomass was estimated to find carbon content in teak plantation, that is, the measured biomass was multiplied by 0.5 (50% of dry weight biomass) (Winjum et al, 1992, Ritson, 2003).

15. Where: T – predictive age, W – size of organism or population at time t, T 1 – age at the beginning of an interval, T 2 – age at the end of an interval, w 1, w 2, a and b – model parameters, respectively. Using Schnute model (1981) predicted future growth values.

16.  The initial values for the parameters w 1 and w 2 were set at the corresponding initial and final training average volume.  All statistic analyses were conducted using SAS 9.2 for windows.

17. 1. above-ground carbon content in teak plantation Table1: above-ground carbon content in teak plantations

18.  The results show that the average carbon sequestration in tree biomass expressed on Ching Shui Kou #2 greater than Ching Shui Kou #1 and Shui Li (68.005, 67.088 and 59.887 t/ha -1, respectively).  Data on carbon sequestration in the different forest types showed that the highest amount of carbon were stored in the biomass of Ching Shui Kou #2 greater than Ching Shui Kou #1 and Shui Li

19.  According to the results of this study, the above- ground carbon storage increased corresponding to the age of teak plantation.  This information will be very beneficial to be the global carbon sequestration database that are determining growth and carbon accumulation of tree in response to higher CO 2 levels.

20. Figure 4: Average growth of teak plantation. The graph showed the relation between the mean total above-ground carbon content per ha and the age of teak plantation. 2. Average the growth of teak plantation Age (year) Above-ground carbon content (t/ha -1 )

21.  From the result of this study can estimate the tendency of above-ground carbon content in the teak plantation.  The average growth teak was grow rapidly and store more carbon in the teak plantation ranging from the age of 1 to 30 years old.  They will have greater potential for future sequestration if the forests are under appropriate management without human disturbance.

22.  The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL),the obvious benefit is that carbon sequestration could prove to be one of the most cost-effective of the comprehensive solutions to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission.  Another benefit of carbon sequestration is the potential for combining geological sequestration with enhanced resource recovery.

23. 23  The results of the study showed that the establishment of a teak plantation has great potential of carbon storage.  Increasing rotation ages can increase carbon sequestration by holding more carbon on the component of tree.  If small trees remain healthy and continue to grow, they will accumulate more carbon as their biomass increases.

24.  To develop a multi-scale geo-database management system (Geo-DBMS) with individual tree, stand, ecosystem, and landscape levels to understanding of the carbon dynamics.  To develop a model of the marginal cost of carbon sequestration in forests.

25. Coeli M. Hoover, 2008. Field Measurements for Forest Carbon Monitoring; A Landscape-Scale Approach. Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. 240 pp. Montagnini, F., Nair, P.K.R., 2004. Carbon sequestration: underexploited environ-mental benefit of agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 61, 281–295. M. Henry, P. Tittonell, R.J. Manlay, M. Bernoux, A. Albrecht, B. Vanlauwe, 2009. Biodiversity, carbon stocks and sequestration potential in above-ground biomass in smallholder farming systems of western Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 129 (2009) 238–252. Petmark, P and P Sahunalu. (1980). Primary production of various age plantations II. Net primary production of various age plantations of teak at Ngao, Lampang. Kasetsart University, Bangkok. Schnute J. A versatile growth model with statistically stable parameters. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 1981;38:1128–1140. The experimental forest of National Taiwan University, Taiwan. 1974, Growth records of important species on the experimental forest college of agriculture, National Taiwan University. Special Bulletin No.4, April 1974. p.502. Winjum, JK, RK Dixon, PE Schroeder. (1992). Estimating the global potential of forest and agro-forest management practices to sequester carbon. In: J Wisniewski, A E. Lugo, (editors). Natural Sinks of CO 2. p.213-227. UNFCCC. 2004. Modalities and procedures for afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development mechanism in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. p. 13–31. In. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its ninth session, held at Milan from 1 to 12 December 2003, Addendum, Decision 19/CP.9, Document FCCC/CP/2003/6/Add.2, United Nations Office at Geneva, Geneva. http://ivy1.epa.gov.tw/unfccc/english/index.html