1. Using Natural Gas to Nourish the Oceans University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Ian S F Jones University of Sydney Columbia University, NY 5.7.2002 6B FEZ1 29.04.2004 NOT AN OFFICIAL UNCTAD RECORD

2. Climate Change University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space What is Ocean Nourishment TM Carbon credits = CER = GHG credits = carbon dioxide credits How can Ocean Nourishment help Morocco

3. Climate Change University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Climate change has been occurring! Noah’s flood brought social change

4. Greenhouse Gas University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space

5. Future fossil fuel University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space

6. Climate University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Rapid climate change is undesirable! GHG influences climate We want to manage climate.

7. Consequences? University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space The cost Sea water flooding in Venice. A down side of GHG

8. Consequences? University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Agricultural production. A down side of GHG Fisher et al (2002)

9. GHG Emissions University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Emission of GHG = Population * GDP * Intensity

10. GHG Intensity University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space

11. Efficiency University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Increasing the efficiency will not solve the GHG problem A change from 35% to 50% in 20 years would be required

12. Emission - Concentration University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Concentration predictions 550ppm

13. GHG Sinks University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Sinks will be needed Geological sequestration – capture costs Biological sequestration

14. Green Economics University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Global business opportunity

15. Biological Sink University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Benefits of Ocean Nourishment Low cost Permanent sequestration Positive environmental impact

16. Ocean Nourishment University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space

17. Ocean University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space The ocean is a sink of carbon

18. Photosynthesis University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Photosynthesis in the ocean

19. Plant University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Ocean nourishment technology

20. Green Coal University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Nutrient manufacture CH 4 N2N2 Ammonia NH 3 Fe

21. University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Nitrogen manufacture

22. Carbon Credits University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space The concept Nourish the ocean and sell carbon credits Produce more fish in poor countries This reduces malnutrition improves, education, reduces family size Stabilises population before the ocean capacity is exhausted

23. Carbon Credits University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space The cost of carbon dioxide credits US$5 –US$15 per tonne of CO 2 Capital costs US$ 300million Return on investment 30% pa See Shoji and Jones (2001) Science of the Total Environment

24. Carbon trading University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Sinks allowed under UNFCCC – Parties to.. enhance sinks.. marine ecosystems Kyoto protocol allows trading AIJ (UNFCCC article 4.2) CDM (developing and developed)

25. OceanOcean Nourishment Experiment Experiment site

26. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Their numerical model that solves the equation of fluid mechanics and has a climatological atmosphere. The model takes one day to advance 50 years and was run up to the equilibrium with the carbon dioxide level during the pre industrial period. The nutrients takes of order 30 days to be spread from the surface layer of the ocean. Enhanced photosynthetic production and export of organic carbon occur

27. Comparison of Primary Production Model New Primary Production Measured Chlorophyll (primary production)

28. Numerical Experiment University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space To inject reactive nitrogen to the photic zone at the rate of 1,000 tonnes/day for 100 years.

29. Changed Ocean Productivity Continuos injection of nitrogen at 33N, 10W after one year

30. Changed Ocean Productivity Continuos injection of nitrogen at 33N, 10W after 500 years

31. University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space Conclusions Greenhouse Gas is of concern to the public Ocean nourishment could play a major role. LIFD countries could benefit There is a business opportunity

32. Conclusion Morocco can benefit from more fish Ocean Nourishment is a promising concept for Morocco to support its sustainable development Carbon Credits would pay for this scheme Ocean General Circulation Model with Ocean Biological Model have allowed the long-term impacts of an Moroccan Ocean Nourishment site to be assessed.

33. Further info on Ocean Nourishment University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space www.oceannourishment.com Brochure Research papers

34. University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space An Australian Opportunity Green Coal

35. University of Sydney Earth Ocean & Space