1. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 DIGITAL IC COUNTERS Lecture 7

2. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Asynchronous and Synchronous Circuits Valid Output Clock Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Consider the timing diagram for the 4-bit counter circuit. There is a delay or ripple effect on the output transitions, each output being delayed from the previous due to the propagation delay through the flip-flop. When all the outputs do not become valid “at once”, the circuit is ASYNCHRONOUS. These circuits are generally identified by the different flip-flops being clocked by different signals. This counter circuit is often called a RIPPLE COUNTER.

3. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Synchronous Circuits In many circuits it is necessary to ensure that all outputs change simultaneously or SYNCHRONOUSLY. This can be achieved by clocking all the flip- flops with the same clock signal. Look at a Synchronous 4-bit counter circuit This circuit must produce synchronous outputs because all the flip-flops are clocked by the same signal. D Q C0 Q0 C1 Q1 C2 Q2 C3 Q3 Clock Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3

4. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Synchronous Counter: A Closer Look To look at how this might work, we will first simplify it to a 2- bit counter, ie: 00->01->10->11->00->… At startup the outputs are both 0. These feed back into the comb. cct to put values of 1 for Y 0 and 0 for Y 1, ready for the next clock pulse. The clock “strikes”: the 1 and 0 flow through to X 0 and X 1, but again feed back to the comb. cct which places 0 onto Y 0 & 1 onto Y 1 (ready for the next clock). The clock “strikes”: the 0 and 1 flow through to X 0 and X 1, but again feed back to the combinatorial circuit which places 1 onto Y 0 & 1 onto Y 1. The clock “strikes”: the 1 and 1 flow through to X 0 and X 1, but again feed back to the combinatorial cct which places 0 onto Y 0 & 0 onto Y 1. Clock: The X’s are both 0 & the Y’s are 1 & 0, we’re back to the start. X0X0 X1X1 Clock Combinatorial Circuit Y0Y0 Y1Y1

5. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Synchronous Counter as a State Machine How is this counter working? The outputs are part of the inputs for the next Y0 and Y1 pair, ie the circuit is remembering its past output. That is, it’s behaving like a state machine. Sometimes it is better to model the behaviour of a machine rather than what it actually looks like. The PALASM system allows us to specify a machine as a state machine and it will program the circuits for us. So that is the direction we must now take: State Machines and The PALASM System Section 3. S0S0 00 S1S1 01 S2S2 10 S3S3 11 X 1 X 0

6. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 What's A 7-Segment Display? A 7-segment display is a package with 7 bar-shaped LEDs arranged to allow the display of many useful digits and some letters. Each segment (labeled A-G) contains an LED which may be individually controlled. DP is an eighth LED, the decimal point.

7. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Common cathode means that each segment's cathode is connected to common pins – 3 & 8, allowing the anode of each to be connected to the controller.

8. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 BCD to 7 Segment

9. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Limiting resistor Computation RS = RS = = 230 

10. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 BCD to 7 Segment Crystal Display

11. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 74ALS193

12. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 74HC193 Two Stage Arrangement

13. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008

14. Basic Integrated Circuit Counter 7490 Decade Counter

15. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

16. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

17. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

18. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

19. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

20. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

21. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

22. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

23. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

24. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

25. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

26. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

27. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

28. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modifying the count sequence

29. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Cascading Stages

30. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Cascading Stages

31. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Modulo Counter

32. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008

34. Asynchronous counter

35. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008

37. Presettable Parallel Counter with Asynchronous Preset

38. Prof Jess Role @UEAB 2008 Up/Down Counter