1. The Scientific Revolution 1550-1789

2. What do I need to know… Theories in science and their conflicts with religion Theories in science and their conflicts with religion Technological advances and new theories Technological advances and new theories Key people- Ptolemy, Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Newton Key people- Ptolemy, Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Newton

3. What exactly is a Revolution A complete overthrow of an established government or institution. A complete overthrow of an established government or institution. A complete change. A complete change. Scientific Revolution= a complete change (or a new way) of thinking about the natural world. Scientific Revolution= a complete change (or a new way) of thinking about the natural world.

4. What else was going on…. Reformation- changes in the way people thought of and practiced religion…. Reformation- changes in the way people thought of and practiced religion…. Followers changed the way they thought about God and Salvation Followers changed the way they thought about God and Salvation Scholars were questioning ideas that had been accepted for hundreds of years by observing nature for themselves Scholars were questioning ideas that had been accepted for hundreds of years by observing nature for themselves

5. Just one of those thoughts…. Before 1500 people decided what was true or false based on the Bible or Ancient Greek and Roman scholars Before 1500 people decided what was true or false based on the Bible or Ancient Greek and Roman scholars Geocentric view of the universe (Aristotle and Ptolemy)- The earth was the center of the universe and everything else moved around it in a completely circular path. Geocentric view of the universe (Aristotle and Ptolemy)- The earth was the center of the universe and everything else moved around it in a completely circular path. Christianity taught that God placed the earth in the center because it was a special place where life unfolded Christianity taught that God placed the earth in the center because it was a special place where life unfolded

6. Geocentric View

7. What led to Scientific Revolution New technologies- printing press New technologies- printing press New exploration- peoples of Africa, Asia and Americas were different from Europeans- new animals were “discovered” New exploration- peoples of Africa, Asia and Americas were different from Europeans- new animals were “discovered” These fueled the desire to learn more about the universe than ancient thought allowed These fueled the desire to learn more about the universe than ancient thought allowed

8. A Revolutionary Model Copernicus- Polish astronomer Copernicus- Polish astronomer Heliocentric- The sun is at the center of the universe and everything else moves around it… Heliocentric- The sun is at the center of the universe and everything else moves around it… On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies- published as he was dying because he knew it would be rejected by scholars and the clergy b/c it contradicted their religious views On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies- published as he was dying because he knew it would be rejected by scholars and the clergy b/c it contradicted their religious views

9. Other Revolutionaries in Science Kepler- took data recorded by his boss (Brahe) and mathematically calculated the elliptical movement of the planets around the sun Kepler- took data recorded by his boss (Brahe) and mathematically calculated the elliptical movement of the planets around the sun Galileo- Telescope used to discover many ideas about the universe, Starry Messenger was published describing his observations which conflicted with the church. Galileo- Telescope used to discover many ideas about the universe, Starry Messenger was published describing his observations which conflicted with the church.

10. Conflict with the Church Galileo’s ideas were widely published Galileo’s ideas were widely published If the church was wrong about this…. What else could it be wrong about? If the church was wrong about this…. What else could it be wrong about? Galileo brought to court…. Galileo brought to court…. Confessed the ideas were false…. Confessed the ideas were false…. Lived the rest of his years under house arrest Lived the rest of his years under house arrest In 1992 the Church acknowledged he was right! In 1992 the Church acknowledged he was right!

11. Other New Stuff Scientific method- logical method for gathering and testing ideas Scientific method- logical method for gathering and testing ideas Newton’s theory of motion- universal gravitation Newton’s theory of motion- universal gravitation Microscope- led to discovery of blood cells and bacteria Microscope- led to discovery of blood cells and bacteria Barometer, thermometer, vaccine for cow pox and then small pox, full anatomy of human body, discovery of chemicals, etc Barometer, thermometer, vaccine for cow pox and then small pox, full anatomy of human body, discovery of chemicals, etc

12. The Enlightenment

13. Definition A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems AKA the Age of Reason AKA the Age of Reason Sparked by the same fuels as the Reformation and Scientific Revolution Sparked by the same fuels as the Reformation and Scientific Revolution Brought change to Western Civilizations Brought change to Western Civilizations

14. Thomas Hobbs Key beliefs: without governments to keep order there would be constant war…. Life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.” Key beliefs: without governments to keep order there would be constant war…. Life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.” To escape this people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler- in exchange they gained law and order To escape this people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler- in exchange they gained law and order AKA: the social contract (an agreement between the people and the government) AKA: the social contract (an agreement between the people and the government) Best government= Absolute Monarchy Best government= Absolute Monarchy

15. John Locke Key Beliefs: people can learn from experiences and benefit themselves, are reasonable beings w/ natural ability to govern themselves, and look after the welfare of society ALL people are born free and equal Key Beliefs: people can learn from experiences and benefit themselves, are reasonable beings w/ natural ability to govern themselves, and look after the welfare of society ALL people are born free and equal AKA: Three natural rights- life, liberty, and property AKA: Three natural rights- life, liberty, and property Government comes from the consent of people-Modern Democracy Government comes from the consent of people-Modern Democracy

16. Philosophes French for Philosophers- centered in Paris French for Philosophers- centered in Paris Key beliefs of all Key beliefs of all Reason (truth could be discovered through logical thinking) Reason (truth could be discovered through logical thinking) Nature (what is natural is good and reasonable) Nature (what is natural is good and reasonable) Happiness (joy and well-being should be sought on earth) Happiness (joy and well-being should be sought on earth) Progress (society and humankind could be improved) Progress (society and humankind could be improved) Liberty (call for those won by English in the Glorious Rev. and their Bill of Rights for all) Liberty (call for those won by English in the Glorious Rev. and their Bill of Rights for all)

17. Voltaire I do not agree with one word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” I do not agree with one word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” Key issue- Intolerance Key issue- Intolerance Used satire as a weapon against the clergy, aristocrats, and the government. Used satire as a weapon against the clergy, aristocrats, and the government. Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and freedom of speech. Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and freedom of speech.

18. Montesquieu “Power… should be a check to power.” AKA Checks and Balances “Power… should be a check to power.” AKA Checks and Balances Key issue- Political Liberty Key issue- Political Liberty Believed that England’s government was the best politically balanced of the time Believed that England’s government was the best politically balanced of the time Book: On the Spirit of the Law- Proposed that separation of powers would keep any one individual or group from gaining too much power Book: On the Spirit of the Law- Proposed that separation of powers would keep any one individual or group from gaining too much power

19. Rousseau “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Key issue: Individual freedoms Key issue: Individual freedoms Disagreed with Enlightened thinkers- argued that civilization corrupted men Disagreed with Enlightened thinkers- argued that civilization corrupted men Book: The Social Contract Government is an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government Book: The Social Contract Government is an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government Best government= Direct Democracy with all people equal and no titles of nobility Best government= Direct Democracy with all people equal and no titles of nobility

20. Political Consequences More democratic styles of government More democratic styles of government Enlightened Despots- monarchs who embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment and made reforms to reflect them Enlightened Despots- monarchs who embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment and made reforms to reflect them Changes in some nations Changes in some nations Frederick the Great of Prussia- reformed justice system, religious freedoms, improvements of education system, eliminated capital punishment Frederick the Great of Prussia- reformed justice system, religious freedoms, improvements of education system, eliminated capital punishment Old idea- the state and its citizens exist to serve the monarch… Louis XIV “I am the state” Old idea- the state and its citizens exist to serve the monarch… Louis XIV “I am the state” New idea- the monarch exists to serve the state and support the citizens….Frederick the Great of Prussia, “the first servant of the state” New idea- the monarch exists to serve the state and support the citizens….Frederick the Great of Prussia, “the first servant of the state”

21. Social Consequences Rise of a more secular outlook Rise of a more secular outlook Promoted the importance of individuals Promoted the importance of individuals Urged an end to the practice of slavery Urged an end to the practice of slavery Argued for greater social equality Argued for greater social equality Called for the end of superstition and fear and religion Called for the end of superstition and fear and religion Promote tolerance of all religions Promote tolerance of all religions Art was baroque (ornate design) replaced with neo-classical (simple and elegant) Art was baroque (ornate design) replaced with neo-classical (simple and elegant) Music-classical music (Bach, Beethoven, etc.) Music-classical music (Bach, Beethoven, etc.)

22. Social Consequences Rise of a more secular outlook Rise of a more secular outlook Promoted the importance of individuals Promoted the importance of individuals Urged an end to the practice of slavery Urged an end to the practice of slavery Argued for greater social equality Argued for greater social equality Called for the end of superstition and fear and religion Called for the end of superstition and fear and religion Promote tolerance of all religions Promote tolerance of all religions Art was baroque (ornate design) replaced with neo-classical (simple and elegant) Art was baroque (ornate design) replaced with neo-classical (simple and elegant) Music-classical music (Bach, Beethoven, etc.) Music-classical music (Bach, Beethoven, etc.)

23. Absolute Rulers

24. Louis XIV AKA the Sun King AKA the Sun King Became king in 1643 (age 5) rule was maintained through Cardinal Mazarin Became king in 1643 (age 5) rule was maintained through Cardinal Mazarin People hated his policies and threatened Louis XIV People hated his policies and threatened Louis XIV Grew up fearing the nobility- led to his strength Grew up fearing the nobility- led to his strength Took control at age 22 Took control at age 22

25. Louis XIV - Economy Economic advisor- expanded the economy through mercantilism and self sufficiency- colonies, tax breaks for French and tariffs for foreign companies Economic advisor- expanded the economy through mercantilism and self sufficiency- colonies, tax breaks for French and tariffs for foreign companies Canceled Edict of Nantes- Huguenots fled taking their skills with them. Canceled Edict of Nantes- Huguenots fled taking their skills with them.

26. Lavish Lifestyle 500 servants, waiters and cooks per meal 500 servants, waiters and cooks per meal 100 nobles wait to dress him each day 100 nobles wait to dress him each day Palace at Versailles Palace at Versailles

27. The palace had 5,000 acres of gardens and 1,400 fountains The palace cost $2.5 billion in modern dollars, 36,000 forced laborers, and was never fully completed during his lifetime http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index. cfm?guidAssetId=e09e7fae-3b90-4e52- 9625- a14f2941059c&productcode=HUB&CFID= 42341336&CFTOKEN=93888613

28. Louis XIV The Good Flourished in art, literature Flourished in art, literature Europe’s military leader Europe’s military leader Strong empire of colonies for resources and trade Strong empire of colonies for resources and trade The Bad Wars = debt and lost territory Wars = debt and lost territory Suffering for the people Suffering for the people Debt Debt Resentment of his power led to eventual revolution Resentment of his power led to eventual revolution

29. Peter the Great 1696- ruler of Russia 1696- ruler of Russia Russia was still in the middle ages Russia was still in the middle ages Visited the west in 1696 and came back with a plan- WESTERNIZATION Visited the west in 1696 and came back with a plan- WESTERNIZATION Used absolutism to take over the church, reduced power of landowners, modernized the army Used absolutism to take over the church, reduced power of landowners, modernized the army HEAVY TAXES HEAVY TAXES

30. The Good and The Bad Good Potatoes Potatoes Women’s status Women’s status Western clothing Western clothing Advanced education Advanced education Warm water port Warm water portBad High taxes High taxes Standard of living decreased Standard of living decreased Changed their culture Changed their culture

31. Tokugawa Ieysau Unified Japan Unified Japan Nobles spent every other year in the capital to stop rebellions Nobles spent every other year in the capital to stop rebellions Motto: “take care of the people. Strive to be virtuous. Never neglect to protect the country.” Motto: “take care of the people. Strive to be virtuous. Never neglect to protect the country.”

32. The good and the bad Good Preserved culture Preserved culture Similar structure to China (farmers held higher status) Similar structure to China (farmers held higher status) Expanded towns and cities Expanded towns and citiesBad Isolation from others (closed country policy) Isolation from others (closed country policy)

33. World Revolutions The Glorious Revolution American Revolution French Revolution Latin American Revolution Haitian Revolution

34. English Revolution Causes Ongoing conflict between king and parliament (taxes, Petition of Rights) Ongoing conflict between king and parliament (taxes, Petition of Rights) Civil War- Civil War- Foreign influence- Wars with France Foreign influence- Wars with France Catholic vs. Protestant Leaders Catholic vs. Protestant LeadersResults English Bill of Rights English Bill of Rights Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy Cabinet System Cabinet System American Revolution? American Revolution?

35. American Revolution- Causes Mercantilism. Mercantilism. The colonies felt that they were independent. The colonies felt that they were independent. English Revolution English Revolution (Taxation w/out Representation) (Taxation w/out Representation) This led to call for colonial independence and a revolt. This led to call for colonial independence and a revolt.

36. American Revolution- Causes EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Locke – Power of the gov’t comes from the people Locke – Power of the gov’t comes from the people US Constitution – “We the people of the United States…” US Constitution – “We the people of the United States…” EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Voltaire – Free Speech, Religious Toleration US Constitution – Bill of Rights EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Montesquieu – Separation of powers of gov’t US Constitution – Establishes executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the gov’t Leaders in the English Colonies used the ideas of Enlightenment Thinkers to justify their call for independence. Leaders in the English Colonies used the ideas of Enlightenment Thinkers to justify their call for independence.

37. American Revolution’s Influence Abroad FRANCE. FRANCE. Circulated copies of the Dec. of Independence Circulated copies of the Dec. of Independence American Revolution was a fulfillment of the Enlightenment thinker’s ideas. (French origin) American Revolution was a fulfillment of the Enlightenment thinker’s ideas. (French origin) “We talked nothing but of America” “We talked nothing but of America” The French people wanted to change the gov’t that they felt was so unjust. The French people wanted to change the gov’t that they felt was so unjust.

38. The French Revolution Background Background France was considered to be the most advanced country in Europe at this time France was considered to be the most advanced country in Europe at this time French society was divided into three classes (called “estates”). French society was divided into three classes (called “estates”). 1% of the Population Clergy of the RCC 2% of the Population Rich Nobles 97% of the Total Population Bourgeoisie – Middle Class Workers – Low Class Peasants – Lowest Class

39. Causes of the French Revolution paid the overwhelming majority of the taxes The 3 rd Estate paid the overwhelming majority of the taxes. (Over ½ of their income!) did not support the King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette The 3 rd Estate did not support the King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette. Estate- General was controlled exclusively by the 1 st and 2 nd Estate The 3 rd Estate did not like that the Estate- General was controlled exclusively by the 1 st and 2 nd Estate looked to the Enlightenment Thinkers Like the colonists in America, the French looked to the Enlightenment Thinkers as “inspiration.”

40. The French Revolution Erupts Activities of the 3 rd Estate Broke away from the Estate – General Renamed themselves the National Assembly Made the Tennis Court Oath Stormed the Bastille July 14, 1789 Prison with weapons storage Became Bastille Day (similar to July 4 th in America)

41. Results of the French Revolution The Great Fear Peasants marched to the Palace at Versailles and demanded bread Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette forced from the throne The Royal Family tried to flee France, but they were caught, held, and eventually executed

42. Results of the French Revolution The National Assembly reformed the country The National Assembly reformed the country Adapted a version of the Declaration of Independence, called the Declaration of the Rights of Man Adapted a version of the Declaration of Independence, called the Declaration of the Rights of Man The RCC became controlled by the state The RCC became controlled by the state Developed a constitution Developed a constitution Brought about a Legislative Assembly Brought about a Legislative Assembly

43. Terror Grips France Reign of Terror Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre rose to power Maximilien Robespierre rose to power Used fear to rule France Used fear to rule France Sent many to the guillotine Sent many to the guillotine Eventually he was arrested and executed Eventually he was arrested and executed

44. The Guillotine Developed by Dr. Guillotine Developed by Dr. Guillotine The blade weighed about 88 lbs The blade weighed about 88 lbs Some said that you died to quickly Some said that you died to quickly Not always effective on the first time. Sometimes it was necessary to drop the blade several times in order to sever the head Not always effective on the first time. Sometimes it was necessary to drop the blade several times in order to sever the head

45. Chapter 23 Sections 3 & 4

46. Napoleon’s Background At the age of 9 Napoleon was sent to military school At the age of 16 Napoleon became a lieutenant in the French Army Because of the unrest in France during this time the government was very unstable Coup ‘de ‘tat – Sudden take over in power; and overthrow of a government

47. Napoleon Rules France 1) Developed the Napoleonic Code Uniform set of laws Limited individual liberties Promoted Napoleon’s power 2) Brought stability to France Leveled taxes across the Estates Removed dishonest gov’t workers Worked with the church Aided with public education Aided with public education

48. Napoleon Crossing the St. Bernard Pass Painter: Jacques Louis David Napoleon dictated how he was to be shown and what was to be painted. Contrary to David’s wishes, Napoleon wanted to be portrayed calm on the fiery horse. He refused to “sit” for the painting. David’s son posed on a ladder with the hat and cloak while his father painted. David could not paint Napoleon as he really was, he was forced to paint “the best possible look.” What contrast(s) are present in the painting? What is your impression of Napoleon? What is Napoleon’s mood in the painting?

49. Napoleon Builds an Empire 1) Sold territory in America (Louisiana Purchase) Less to worry about Frustrated England Financed expansion efforts in Europe 2) Continued his military prowess, expanded French land throughout Western Europe Austrian Netherlands Austrian Netherlands Parts of Italy Parts of Italy Parts of Switzerland Parts of Switzerland

50. Battle of Trafalgar Who: France vs. England What: Napoleon’s only major battle lost Results Destroyed French Navy Solidified England’s power in Europe Unable to ever conquer England

51. Napoleon’s Empire Collapses What did Napoleon do wrong? 1) Too much pride and desire for power Led to all of Napoleon's other problem 2) Tried to block trade between Britain and the rest of Europe This was popular with no one; didn’t work anyway 3) Got into a war with Spain (Peninsular War) Napoleon’s aggression infuriated much of Europe; lost 300,000 troops 4) Invaded Russia Supply lines were too long, bad winter, scorched –earth policy Started with 420,000 troops – ended with 10,000 healthy troops

52. Napoleon’s Later Life Returned to France after defeat in Russia Attacked by all of his rivals while his army was weakened Ousted from power (Battle of Leipzig – 1813- 1814) Exiled to Island of Elba Escaped Elba Reigned for 100 more days Captured @ Waterloo Sent to Island of St. Helena in South Atlantic Died of stomach problem - 1821 (possibly cancer)

53. Haitian Revolution Causes 500,000 slaves- outnumbered the French 500,000 slaves- outnumbered the French Napoleon Napoleon Brutal methods of control Brutal methods of control Toussant L’Overture led a slave revolt Toussant L’Overture led a slave revolt Broken promises Broken promisesEffects First black colony to gain independence First black colony to gain independence Spread to other parts of Latin America Spread to other parts of Latin America Even today Haiti struggles economically Even today Haiti struggles economically

54. Latin American Revolution Causes Divisions of society (Peninsular, Creoles, Mulattos) Divisions of society (Peninsular, Creoles, Mulattos) Education of Creoles Education of Creoles French king in Spain French king in Spain Locke’s ideas (consent of people) Locke’s ideas (consent of people) Simon Bolivar Simon BolivarEffects Spread throughout Latin America into Mexico and Brazil Spread throughout Latin America into Mexico and Brazil Economic change for Spain Economic change for Spain

55. Global Transformations Chapter 28 Sections 1 - 3 Chinese Nationalism Japan Re-emerges US Economic Imperialism

56. China Interaction With Others… Wars and Rebellions…. Rise of Nationalism…..

57. Interactions With Foreigners Self sufficiency- agricultural superiority Self sufficiency- agricultural superiority Limited trade- one port with more exports than imports (favorable balance of trade) Limited trade- one port with more exports than imports (favorable balance of trade) Europeans desired a good the Chinese would demand…. opium Europeans desired a good the Chinese would demand…. opium By 1835 smuggled opium from the British resulted in 12 million opium addicts By 1835 smuggled opium from the British resulted in 12 million opium addicts

58. Opium War Cause-Opium trade Cause-Opium trade Battles were at sea, China’s ships were no match for the British Battles were at sea, China’s ships were no match for the British Results- Results- China defeated China defeated England given Hong Kong England given Hong Kong Extraterritorial rights (foreigners were not subject to Chinese law in their ports) Extraterritorial rights (foreigners were not subject to Chinese law in their ports)

59. Taiping “Great Peace” Rebellion Causes Causes population grew population grew food production didn’t keep food production didn’t keep Goal- a China with no one living in poverty Heavenly Kingdom with Great Peace” Goal- a China with no one living in poverty Heavenly Kingdom with Great Peace” Effects- Effects- 1million peasants fought under Hong Xiuquan (she-ewe-choo-ahn) – in SE China 1million peasants fought under Hong Xiuquan (she-ewe-choo-ahn) – in SE China Hong was not a great leader- internal conflicts Hong was not a great leader- internal conflicts British, French, Qing imperial troops attacked British, French, Qing imperial troops attacked

60. Changes in China Disagreement over modernization Disagreement over modernization Empress Cixi (tso-shee)- Self- strengthening Movement Empress Cixi (tso-shee)- Self- strengthening Movement updated China’s education and military systems updated China’s education and military systems built few factories built few factories USA feared China would be colonized so it declared the Open Door Policy China would be open to all merchants USA feared China would be colonized so it declared the Open Door Policy China would be open to all merchants

61. Japan End of Isolation Japanese Imperialism

62. Japan Re-joins the World Closed Country Policy Closed Country Policy US Demand for trade US Demand for trade US Commodore Matthew Perry “visited” Japan with a letter from Millard Fillmore “requesting” a trade relationship US Commodore Matthew Perry “visited” Japan with a letter from Millard Fillmore “requesting” a trade relationship Returned 1 year later (1854) for the Treaty of Kanagawa that opened two ports for US ships and gave foreigners extraterritorial rights Returned 1 year later (1854) for the Treaty of Kanagawa that opened two ports for US ships and gave foreigners extraterritorial rights

63. The Meiji Era Angered Japanese Angered Japanese Emperor Meiji increased control Emperor Meiji increased control Modernization to resist domination Modernization to resist domination Imitated German and English military policies Imitated German and English military policies US universal education US universal education Industrialization through railroads, coal mining, ship building, tea and silk factories Industrialization through railroads, coal mining, ship building, tea and silk factories

64. The Payoff… Most powerful in Asia Most powerful in Asia Respect= extraterritorial rights abolished Respect= extraterritorial rights abolished Imperialism (Japan’s colonies) Imperialism (Japan’s colonies) Wars with China and Russia Wars with China and Russia Annexation (brought under control) Korea Annexation (brought under control) Korea

65. Major Difference between China and Japan China- give them what they want so we can keep our traditional culture and way of life as in-tact as possible China- give them what they want so we can keep our traditional culture and way of life as in-tact as possible Japan- if you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em… and do it even better! Japan- if you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em… and do it even better!