1. History of Psychology Chapter 15 Cognitive Psychology & Psychology in the 21 st Century

2. Cognitive Movement in Psychology The founding of cognitive psychology 1. no single founder 2. Their position in opposition to the behaviorist and could not or would not give a definition for what they were really doing or supporting. 3. two scholars contributed groundbreaking work a. George Miller b. Ulric Neisser

3. II. George Miller (1920 - ) A. His life 1. majored in speech and English 2. as a graduate student, taught 16 sections of introductory psychology 3. 1941: master’s in speech from U. of Alabama

4. George Miller (1920 - ) 4. 1946: Ph.D. from Harvard, began studying psycholinguistics 5. 1951: Language and Communication 6. behaviorism a. Miller accepted it as the primary school (had no choice)

5. George Miller (1920 - ) B. The Center for Cognitive Studies 1. purpose: to investigate the human mind 2. defined by what it was not in behaviorism 3. cognitive psychology is a return to commonsense psychology 4. wide range of topics of interest

6. Ulric Neisser (1928 - ) A. His life 1. born in Kiel, Germany; moved to the U.S. at age 3 2. at Harvard: a physics major, switched to psychology 3. influenced by Miller, and Koffka’s Principles of Gestalt Psychology (1935)

7. Ulric Neisser (1928 - ) 4. 1950: bachelor’s from Harvard 5. master’s at Swarthmore with Köhler 6. 1956: Ph.D. from Harvard 7. behaviorist (he had no choice)

8. Ulric Neisser (1928 - ) 8. first position at Brandeis, with Maslow as department head a. opportunity to pursue his interest in cognitive psychology b. claimed cognitive psychology is the Third Force 9. 1967: Cognitive Psychology a. a personal book, an attempt to define the kind of psychologist he wanted to be. b. this book was a landmark in the history of psychology

9. Ulric Neisser (1928 - ) 10. 1976: Cognition and Reality a. dissatisfied with 1) the narrowing of the cognitive position 2) the reliance on artificial laboratory situations for data instead of real-world settings b. concluded: cognitive psychology had little to contribute to understanding how people cope 11. became an outspoken critic and challenging the movement.

10. III. Psychology in the 21 century A. Cognitive Neuroscience Study: how brain functions give rise to mental activity and to correlate specific aspects of information processing with specific brain regions. EEG (Electroencephalogram) MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imagery) PET (Positron Emission Tomography) CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) Increasing the precision and detail to observe brain activities.

11. III. Psychology in the 21 century B. Evolutionary Psychology C. Health Psychology enhance physical health D. Cognitive Science Human-computer interactions

12. III. Psychology in the 21 century E. Multi-cultural and cross-cultural issues in psychology Multiculturalism as a fourth force F. The technology of psychological testing G. Prescription privileges for Psychologists H. Reluctance to managed care