1. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Impact of Varennes King Assembly Radicals Country Austria

2. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Impact of Varennes King Humiliated and exposed Loss of popularity and trust leads to increased republicanism Republican fever means he is increasingly vulnerable – more émigrés flee France Assembly Need to deal with the King Leads to a division – 290 deputies abstain in key vote over suspension of Louis Radicals Republicanism becomes far more widespread Jacobins split, with moderate Feuillants breaking away to form majority of Assembly. The remaining Jacobins become more radical, led by Robespierre. Cordeliers call for King to be deposed Role of foreign powers overstated to fuel calls for war Country Feelings of betrayal towards Louis – republicanism takes hold Fear and suspicion of foreign interference in revolution sows seeds of war Austria Leopold still resisting war, but feeling that they need to act to aid Louis, with increased pressure from the émigrés – Declaration of Pillnitz

3. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Thursday, 29 October 2015 Champs de Mar Massacre and Counter-revolution KI2: The Revolution 1789-1792.

4. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Thursday, 29 October 2015 Session Aims Events of 1789. identify the reforms that the National Assembly introduced’ explain why the National Assembly introduced reforms’

5. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org The Massacre at Champ de Mars 17 th July 1791 Sense of outrage in Paris - Assembly held the king blameless for the flight to Varennes. Branch of the Cordeliers club urged Jacobins to join them in drawing up a petition against the King’s reinstatement.

6. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org The Massacre at Champs de Mars Danton and Brissot key figures in drawing up the petition, which was in effect a republican manifesto. Committed monarchist, Lafayette, completely against the petition. Split the Jacobin club. Robespierre very concerned about the split and convinced the majority of Jacobins to not sign.

7. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org The Massacre at Champ de Mars Attempted to gain mass signings at the Champ de Mars military parade ground, where the 2nd anniversary of the fall of the Bastille had been celebrated. Lafayette and the National Guard marched to the Champ de Mars, hostile greeting from the unarmed crowds. Opened fire and killed around 50 people. Afterwards many activists arrested and a lot of radical newspapers ceased to publish. Position of the Feuillants strengthened. Lafayette fires into the crowd

8. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Declaration of Pillnitz, 27 th Aug 1791 Austria and Prussia declared themselves ready to act, stating that the situation of the king of France was an object of common interest to all the sovereigns of Europe. They would be willing to restore the King of France to a position from which he could strengthen the foundations of monarchical government. In reality this was a show of monarchical and family solidarity rather than a serious threat. However, it served to heighten rumours of an émigré invasion, backed by foreign powers. The Declaration of Pillnitz 1791

9. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Impact of the Massacre at Champ de Mars Louis Assembly Radicals Country

10. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Impact of the Massacre at Champ de Mars Louis Theoretically strengthened his position in terms of putting down the republican movement. Feuillant ministers able to try to consolidate his position. Assembly Bolstered by the split in radicalism Strengthened position of moderates Radicals Publicly split the radical movement. Many key figures- Danton, Desmoulins fled But, ignited the fervour of key figures such as Brissot who began a campaign for war Country Becoming increasingly disillusioned by the instability of the revolutionary movement Looking for something to consolidate the situation

11. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org The Legislative Assembly 14 th September Louis XVI accepts the constitution. 30 th September Constituent Assembly dissolved. 1 st October Legislative Assembly convenes.

12. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Context of the Assembly Suspicion amongst the deputies after King’s reluctance to accept constitution. Fear of spreading counter-revolutionary activity; massing émigrés, non- jurors. Perceived international interest in restoring the old regime. Split direction of revolutionary groups: Jacobins, Girondins, Feuillants.

13. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org The Legislative Assembly Robespierre proposed a self denying ordinance so that no member of the Constituent Assembly could sit in the next Legislative Assembly. This effectively stopped a lot of those who had been involved in writing the Constitution from being elected into the Legislative Assembly. This paved the way for the re-emergence of Brissot who had become a strong protagonist for war. In March 1792, playing on the fears of an Austrian invasion and the rumours of an ‘Austrian Committee’ at court, The Girondins, (Brissotins), forced the King to dismiss his Feuillant ministers, in favour of more radical figures. These new ministers were far more likely to obey the Assembly. BRISSOT LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

14. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org The situation in 1792 Strong counter-revolutionary feeling after the CCC. Revolutionary consensus split. After Varennes, 1000’s of army officers had joined the émigrés. Suspicion of Louis XVI’s commitment to the constitution. General paranoia, ‘Austrian committee’, war fever. Feuillants dismissed, Brissotins strong in the Assembly, desire for war. Emperor of Austria, Leopold, died 1 st March 1792, succeeded by Francis II, who was more in favour of war. % of Swearing Priests Leopold II of Austria

15. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org The Path to War July 1790Civil Constitution of the Clergy Nov 1790Oath to CCC introduced March 1791Pope rejects CCC June 1791Flight to Varennes July 1791Champ de Mars massacre Aug 1791Declaration of Pillnitz Sept 1791Louis accepts Constitution Nov 1791Legislative Assembly meets. Brissot lobbies for war Dec 1791Louis vetoes anti-émigré bill March 1792Leopold dies, Francis II succeeds 7 April 1792Austria and Prussia ally 20 April 1792Legislative Assembly votes to declare war on Austria

16. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Attitudes to War Want war? Rationale Louis & Marie Antoinette Yes Brissot & the radicals Yes RobespierreNo Lafayette & Doumouriez Yes FeuillantsNo Francis IIProbably

17. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org Want war? Rationale Louis and Marie Antoinette Yes Hoped for a war-French defeat Would enable Louis to regain power Brissot and the Radicals Yes King not really accepted constitution and belief that the court was plotting against the Revolution King seeking armed intervention of European powers War would force the king into the open, expose traitors to the revolution Successful war to rouse enthusiasm for the revolution Robespierre No Need to stabilise the domestic situation first France not ready for war Lafayette and Doumouriez Yes Disillusioned by failure of the Revolution to produce political stability, wanted the oath of the King to be strengthened Short successful war Increased personal power Hated Austria Feuillants No create instability for the new monarchy unpredictability of war Distrusted motives of Girondins and Army Commanders

18. AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org AS History Matters www.pastmatters.org What factors led to the growing Counter-revolution?