1. 9-2 Continues Electron Transport

2. Electron Transport Chain The Krebs cycle generates high-energy electrons that are passed to NADH and FADH 2. The Krebs cycle generates high-energy electrons that are passed to NADH and FADH 2. The electrons are then passed from those carriers to the electron transport chain. The electrons are then passed from those carriers to the electron transport chain. electron transport chainelectron transport chain

3. The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

5. Step A Electron Transport High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH 2 are passed along the electron transport chain. High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH 2 are passed along the electron transport chain. High-energy electrons are passed from one carrier protein to the next. High-energy electrons are passed from one carrier protein to the next.

6. Step A Continued At the end of the electron transport chain is an enzyme that combines these electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water. At the end of the electron transport chain is an enzyme that combines these electrons with hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

7. Thus, oxygen is essential for getting rid of low-energy electrons and hydrogen ions, the wastes of cellular respiration. Thus, oxygen is essential for getting rid of low-energy electrons and hydrogen ions, the wastes of cellular respiration.

9. Step B Hydrogen Ion Movement Every time 2 high-energy electrons transport down the electron transport chain, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions (H + ) across the membrane. Every time 2 high-energy electrons transport down the electron transport chain, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions (H + ) across the membrane.

10. During electron transport, H + ions build up in the intermembrane space, making it positively charged. During electron transport, H + ions build up in the intermembrane space, making it positively charged. The other side of the membrane, from which those H + ions have been taken, is now negatively charged. The other side of the membrane, from which those H + ions have been taken, is now negatively charged.

12. Step C ATP Production The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain protein spheres called ATP synthases As H + ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin. As H + ions escape through channels into these proteins, the ATP synthases spin.

13. Each time it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP and attaches a phosphate, forming high-energy ATP. Each time it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP and attaches a phosphate, forming high-energy ATP.

15. TOTALS Recall that glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules per glucose. Recall that glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules per glucose. The Krebs cycle and electron transport enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule, The Krebs cycle and electron transport enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule, in addition to the 2 ATP molecules obtained from glycolysis. in addition to the 2 ATP molecules obtained from glycolysis.

16. 18 times as much ATP can be generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen. 18 times as much ATP can be generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen. The final wastes of cellular respiration are water and carbon dioxide. The final wastes of cellular respiration are water and carbon dioxide.

17. The 36 ATP molecules the cell makes per glucose represent about 38 percent of the total energy of glucose. The 36 ATP molecules the cell makes per glucose represent about 38 percent of the total energy of glucose. The cell is actually more efficient at using food than the engine of a typical automobile is at burning gasoline. The cell is actually more efficient at using food than the engine of a typical automobile is at burning gasoline.

18. The remaining 62 percent is released as heat, which is one of the reasons your body feels warmer after vigorous exercise. The remaining 62 percent is released as heat, which is one of the reasons your body feels warmer after vigorous exercise.

19. Energy and Exercise To obtain energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles and new ATP made by lactic acid fermentation and cellular respiration. To obtain energy, the body uses ATP already in muscles and new ATP made by lactic acid fermentation and cellular respiration.

20. Energy and Exercise At the beginning of a race, the body uses all three ATP sources, but stored ATP and lactic acid fermentation can only supply energy for a limited time. At the beginning of a race, the body uses all three ATP sources, but stored ATP and lactic acid fermentation can only supply energy for a limited time.

21. Quick Energy Cells normally contain small amounts of ATP produced during glycolysis and cellular respiration.

22. Quick Energy These sources can usually supply enough ATP to last about 90 seconds. In a 200- or 300- meter sprint, this may be just enough to reach the finish line

23. Fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct. Fermentation produces lactic acid as a byproduct. When the race is over, the only way to get rid of lactic acid is in a chemical pathway that requires extra oxygen. When the race is over, the only way to get rid of lactic acid is in a chemical pathway that requires extra oxygen.

24. For that reason, you can think of a quick sprint building up an oxygen debt that a runner has to repay after the race with plenty of heavy breathing. For that reason, you can think of a quick sprint building up an oxygen debt that a runner has to repay after the race with plenty of heavy breathing.

25. Long Term Energy For exercise longer than about 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to generate a continuing supply of ATP. For exercise longer than about 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to generate a continuing supply of ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation

26. These stores of glycogen are usually enough to last for 15 or 20 minutes of activity. These stores of glycogen are usually enough to last for 15 or 20 minutes of activity. After that, your body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy. After that, your body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy.

27. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions. The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions. Photosynthesis is the process that “deposits” energy. Photosynthesis is the process that “deposits” energy. Cellular respiration is the process that “withdraws” energy. Cellular respiration is the process that “withdraws” energy.