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Chapter 10: Land Use and Urbanization
Mr. Manskopf Notes also at
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Essential Questions Covered
What are different land usages? What are some local land usages? Describe the impact of human activities on the land. What are some local and federal laws governing land usage?
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Section 1 Goals What is the difference between land cover and land use? Describe how people impact the land. Explain how urbanization occurs. Describe the environmental impacts of urbanization
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Most people used to live like this
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Increasingly people live like this.
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Major Urban Regions in U.S.
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For the first time in history, there are now more urban residents than rural residents.
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Land Use and Land Cover Land cover: Vegetation and structures that cover land. Land use: Human activities that occur on land Humans change land cover, especially in urban areas. These changes have environmental and economic effects
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What are some land uses and cover in Audubon?
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What does this pie chart tell us?
What is largest land use in U.S.?
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What do these bar graphs show us?
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Urban vs. Rural Urban: Land mostly covered with buildings and roads (includes suburbs) Rural: Any other type of land use or land cover (includes forests, cropland, etc.)
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Urbanization Occurs when people move from rural areas to cities
Cities are not new, but the enormous size of today’s cities is. More than 20 cities have at least 10 million residents.
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Why are people moving to cities and leaving rural life behind?
SHOULD WE CARE?
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Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Pollution: Increased waste, industrial byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution What is noise pollution? Light pollution?
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Noise Pollution
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Light Pollution What the night should look like.
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Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Heat islands: Cities, several degrees warmer than surrounding areas, affect local weather and trap pollutants WHY?
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What can cities do to reduce this impact?
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Environmental Costs of Urbanization
Imported resources: Fossil fuels are burned to import food, water, fuel, and raw materials.
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Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
What do you think are some environmental benefits if cities?
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Environmental Benefits of Urbanization
Efficiency: Less fuel and resources needed to distribute goods and services to residents Universities and research centers: Urban areas tend to foster education and innovation. Land Preservation: Dense urban centers leave room for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and privacy.
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Section 1 Review What is the difference between land cover and land use? Describe how people impact the land. Explain how urbanization occurs. Describe the environmental impacts of urbanization
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Section 1 Quiz 1) Which type of area would Miami, Florida, be considered? A. urban B. rural C. country D. suburban
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2) What is one of the primary factors that draws people from rural areas to urban areas? A. less pollution B. more jobs C. more open space D. heat islands
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3) A jackhammer on a city street is an example of what type of pollution? A. light B. water C. noise D. air
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4) Trees, grass, crops, wetlands, water, buildings, and pavement are all examples of A. land use B. land cover C. urban areas D. rural areas.
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5) The primary type of land cover in the United States today is A
5) The primary type of land cover in the United States today is A. forest land B. cropland C. urban land D. parks and preserves.
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6) Land that is sparsely populated and has few buildings or roads is defined as a(n) A. infrastructure B. heat island C. urban area D. rural area.
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7) The shift of a population from the countryside to cities is called A. urbanization B. infrastructure C. land preservation D. an ecological footprint.
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Describe this diagram. 8) What does it show?
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Section 2: Sprawl Goals Describe what contributes to sprawl and its patterns. Explain the impacts of sprawl.
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Los Angeles, CA, is one the most sprawling U.S. cities.
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In 1950, 65% of the U.S. population lived in urban (including suburban) areas, while 35% lived rurally. In 2010, 89% was urban and only 11% rural.
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What is sprawl? The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from a dense urban core Often, growth of suburban areas outpaces population growth because suburbs allow more space per person than cities
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Primary Contributors to Sprawl
Population Growth Increase per capita land use Cheap gasoline Decay of inner cities Cheaper to build new than rebuild (less expensive land)
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Primary Contributors to Sprawl
6) Improved road system 7) Affordable cars 8) Government subsidies of mortgages, infrastructure projects
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Contributors to Sprawl
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Patterns of Sprawl Uncentered commercial strip development
Low-density single-use residential development Scattered, or leapfrog, development Sparse street network
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Per Capita Land Consumption
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Why care about sprawl?
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Impacts of Sprawl Transportation: Little to no public transportation
Must use car to get anything Air pollution
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Impacts of Sprawl Public health: May promote inactivity, and by extension obesity and high blood pressure
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Impacts of Sprawl Land Use: Less land left as open space, forests, and farms Habitat destruction and fragmentation Farmland destroyed Road kill Soil erosion
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Impacts of Sprawl Economics: Wealth tending to concentrate in suburbs, leaving urban areas poor Decline of town centers
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Impacts of Sprawl Water Pollution Wetland Destruction Increased runoff
Increased flooding risk
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Section 2 Review Describe what contributes to sprawl and its patterns. Explain the impacts of sprawl.
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Section 2 Quiz 1) Sprawl increases carbon dioxide emissions by A. generating more factories. B. increasing the need to drive. C. resulting in more tree growth. D. expanding the use of public transportation.
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2) Per capita land consumption means A
2) Per capita land consumption means A. the amount of land a country uses as a whole B. the amount of and each person uses. C. the type of land covered by state capitals D. the type of land people live on.
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3) Which of the following factors contributed to sprawl in the United States? A. more affordable automobiles B. improved roads C. less expensive land D. all of the above
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4) Explain how sprawl affects human health.
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Section 3: Sustainable Cities
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Section 3 Goals Discuss land use planning
Explain the importance of transportation choices Differentiate green building from traditional building
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Land Use Planning Land Use Planning: determining in advance how land will be used Where do we put Houses, schools, businesses, roads, factories, etc. What land should be left open?
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Land Use Planning City planners attempt to design cities that both work well and look and feel appealing. Zoning: Classification of land areas for different types of development and land use An area can be mixed use or single use. Involves restrictions on the use of private land
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Land Use Plan
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Audubon Zoning
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Infrastructure Infrastructure: all the things we build to support living Buildings Roads Sewers Water treatment plants Powerplants Environmental/ societal costs?
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Smart Growth Focuses on economic and environmental approaches to avoiding sprawl Builds “up,” not “out” Maintains open spaces by redeveloping existing urban areas, waterfronts, and industrial sites
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Smart Growth Seeks to design neighborhoods that minimize the need to drive Requires good public transportation systems
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Transportation
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Smart Growth: Transportation
Public transportation a key factor in the quality of urban life Buses, subways, trains more efficient, less polluting than cars Cities encourage mass transit with fuel taxes, vehicle taxes, rewarding carpoolers, and encouraging bicycle and bus use.
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Explain what this graph shows
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Busses Advantages Disadvantages More flexible than rail system
Can be rerouted as needed Cost less to develop and maintain than heavy-rail system Can greatly reduce car use and pollution Can lose money because they need low fares to attract riders Often get caught in traffic unless operating in express lanes Commit riders to transportation schedules Noisy
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Trains Advantages Disadvantages More energy efficient than cars
Produce less air pollution than cars Require less land than roads and parking areas for cars Cause fewer injuries and deaths than cars Reduce car congestion in cities Expensive to build and maintain Cost effective only along a densely populated narrow corridor Commit riders to Transportation schedules Can cause noise and vibration for nearby residents
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Bicycles Advantages Disadvantages Affordable Produce no pollution Quiet Require little parking space Easy to maneuver in traffic Take few resources to make Very energy efficient Provide exercise Little protection in an accident Do not protect riders from bad weather Not practical for trips longer than 8 kilometers (5 miles) Can be tiring (except for electric bicycles) Lack of secure bike parking
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Did You Know? Paris, France removed 200,000 parking spaces to encourage the use of public transportation within the city.
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Bike Parking Garage Netherlands
Bike lanes in NYC
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Green Building The goals of a green building are to save energy and resources without sacrificing people’s comfort.
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Section 3 Review Discuss land use planning Explain the importance of transportation choices Differentiate green building from traditional building
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Section 3 Quiz 1) Which of the following is a principle of smart growth? protecting wildlife habitats B. focusing development outside of existing urban centers C. creating neighborhoods best suited for cars D. building up, not out
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2) Which form of transportation uses the most energy per passenger-mile?
commuter rail automobile bus D. heavy rail
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3) One of the results of green building design is reduced
use of mass transit. B. energy bills. sprawl around major cities. D. personal space and comfort.
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4) Which statement about sustainable cities is true. A
4) Which statement about sustainable cities is true? A. They can help improve the standard of living for residents. B. No major cities have made significant progress toward sustainability yet. C. They are only successful in the developed world. D. They often help encourage sprawl.
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5) Transportation systems, communications systems, water services, power supplies, and schools are all examples of infrastructure. rural areas. ecological footprints. D. land use.
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Short Answer 6) Propose a way how a city government could encourage the use of bicycles.
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Short Answer 7) What are two ways governments can encourage the use of mass transit?
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8) Summarize the main idea of this graph in one sentence.
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Chapter 10 Sustainable Cities
What are different land usages? What are some local land usages? Describe the impact of human activities on the land.
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