1. GrossAnatomy of the Kidney, Nephrons, and Reproductive System
Bio 102
Laboratory 13
GrossAnatomy of the Kidney, Nephrons, and Reproductive System

2. Objectives for Today’s Lab
On human models and in the cat:
Identify the gross structures of the kidney and its blood supply listed in your lab handout
Identify the structures of the nephron on human models
Identify the male/female reproductive structures listed in your lab handout
NOTE: CAT structures to be located for this lab are listed in your Lab Guide Handout with a “*”
See the following in your Laboratory Manual
Human Urinary System Anatomy: Exercise 40, pp
Human Reproductive System Anatomy: Exercise 42, pp
Cat Dissection Exercises 8 (pg. 755) and 9 (pg. 759)

3. Digestive Enzyme Lab Summary Table
Optimum pH
Substrate
Product
Source in body
Salivary amylase 7
Starch/CHO
Disaccharides/
Monosaccharides
Salivary glands
Pepsin 2
Proteins/Peptides
Peptides/
Amino acids
Stomach
(Pepsinogen, Chief cells)
Pancreatic Lipase
7-8
Triglycerides
Fatty Acids & Monoglycerides
Pancreas

4. Location of Kidneys Located from T12 to L3
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Located from T12 to L3
Left kidney is slightly higher than right kidney
Adrenal glands sit on the medial and superior part of kidneys

5. Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
Renal capsule is tough, fibrous capsule (tunica fibrosa)
Hilus is entry point for renal artery, vein, and nerve (mostly sympathetic fibers)
Bases of renal pyramids face the cortex, apices face the renal pelvis and end at renal papillae
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

6. Renal Blood Vessels (Cortical Radiate artery)
Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

7. The Nephron

8. Histology of Kidney

9. Histology of Ureter

10. Histology of Urinary Bladder

11. Organs of the Female Reproductive System
(In anteflexion) * * *
(Fallopian)
(Skene’s glands; lesser vestibular glands) * * * *
(Bartholin’s glands)
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

12. Ovaries and Their Attachments* * * * * *
Fold of peritoneum that attaches to sides and floor of pelvic cavity (limits side-to-side movement and rotation) *
Posterior view
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

13. Mammary Glands
Mammary glands as shown are for women in last trimester of pregnancy or who are nursing.
The areola, a ring of pigmented skin, covers large sebaceous glands that give it a bumpy appearance. Sebum reduces chapping and cracking of the nipple.
Blood capillaries and nerves come closest to the surface of the skin in the area surrounding the nipple, giving the areola a reddish brown color. Darkening of the areola and nipple during pregnancy help the nursing infant locate the nipple since their vision might not otherwise be able to distinguish this area from the remainder of the breast. Sensory nerve fibers of the areola trigger the milk letdown (ejection) reflex. Bumps on the areola are a result of sebaceous/sweat (areolar) glands in this area. Sebaceous glands help keep the nipple from drying and cracking during nursing.
Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

14. Male Reproductive System* * * * * *
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

15. Male Reproductive Organs
posterior view * * * * * *

16. Male External Reproductive Organs
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

17. Kidney with fibrous capsule
Renal vein
Renal artery
01_C0009_labeled.jpg
Ureter

18. Renal pelvis Renal capsule Renal artery Renal medulla Renal vein
Renal cortex
Ureter
02_C0010_labeled.jpg

19. Renal pelvis
Renal cortex
03_C0011_labeled.jpg
Renal medulla

20. Left kidney
Urinary bladder
04_C0024b_labeled.jpg
Left ureter
Urethra

21. Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder
05_C2027a_labeled.jpg
Urethra
Urogenital sinus

22. Left kidney Right kidney Left ureter Right ureter Urinary bladder
Urethra
06_C0007_labeled.jpg

23. Left kidney Right kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder
Urethra
Prostate gland
Crus of penis
07_C2026b_labeled.jpg
Body of penis
Glans penis

24. Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder
Urethra
08_C0008_labeled.jpg
Penis

25. Urinary bladder
Right ductus deferens
Left ductus deferens
Left spermatic cord
Urethra
Testis (covered by tunica vaginalis)
Prostate gland
Right spermatic cord
01_C2026c_labeled.jpg
Crus of penis
Body of penis
Scrotum
Glans penis
Epididymis (covered by tunica vaginalis)

26. Ureter Urinary bladder Prostate gland Urethra Root of penis Penis
09_C0001_labeled.jpg
Foreskin
Glans penis

27. Ureter
Urinary bladder
Right ductus deferens
Prostate gland
Urethra
Left ductus deferens
Bulbourethral glands
Left spermatic cord
Right spermatic cord
Root of penis
Right testis
Penis
02_C0001a_labeled.jpg
Foreskin
Epididymis
Glans penis
Left testis
Scrotum

28. Right spermatic cord Left spermatic cord Right testis Left testis
04_C0015a_labeled.jpg
Scrotum

29. Suspensory Ligament Right ovary Left ovary Ovarian Ligament
Uterine horn
Uterine body
05_C2027b_labeled.jpg
Vagina
Urethra
Urogenital sinus

30. Right ovary Ureter Left ovary Left uterine tube Right uterine tube
Left uterine horn
Uterine body
Right uterine horn
06_C0003a_labeled.jpg
Vagina
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Urogenital sinus

31. Left suspensory ligament
Left uterine tube
Left ovary
Left uterine horn
Uterine body
Vagina
Urogenital sinus
07_C0004a_labeled.jpg

32. Left uterine horn with fetus Right uterine horn with fetus
Right ovary
Left ovary
Left uterine horn with fetus
Right uterine horn with fetus
08_C0005_labeled.jpg
Uterine body

33. Placenta Fetus Uterine horn, opened Fetus Small intestine Uterine body
Ureter
09_C0006_labeled.jpg

34. What you should do in lab today…
Look at models of human kidney and nephrons in lab and be able to identify the structures listed in your Laboratory Guide on models or on photos
Look at models of human reproductive structures in lab and be able to identify the structures listed in your Laboratory Guide on models or on photos
In the dissected cat, locate the kidney and reproductive structures listed in your Laboratory Guide

35. Last Lab of Semester (yahoooeee!)
Urinalysis next lab – some things to remember
You should restrict your intake of food and beverages for TWO HOURS prior to lab
Do not do this if you have a medical condition that would prohibit this
Do NOT urinate before lab!
You’ll be collecting a specimen soon after you get to lab and using it as your control sample
We may have some time between ‘pees’, so bring questions if you have them.

36. Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2
Lab Exam 1 will consist of 25 stations and 52 fill-in-the-blank questions. (plus bonus questions)  You will be expected to be able to recognize all structures listed in your Laboratory Guide and know the items listed on this study guide.
Remember that SPLLEING COUTNS!!  You will lose 1 point for every 2 spelling errors you make.
For help in studying the following items and getting practice, be sure to look at the following items in the Laboratory Section of the gserianne.com Web site
1. The online PowerPoint Quizzes and 'Links to Explore' (if available)
2. Mastering A&P Web site (PAL, PhysioEx)

37. Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2
Respiratory System (Labs 9 and 10) – 14 questions
Be able to calculate minute volume given tidal volume and breathing rate
Define respiratory volumes and capacities in words and relate the numeric formulas to their definitions.
Solve for vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, using known (given) volumes and/or capacities.
Define tidal volume and recall the normal, average tidal volume in adults (if it's not given to you).
Name and correctly spell the equipment used to assess lung volumes and capacities.
Predict the effect of blood CO2 levels and various experimental conditions on breathing.
Recognize the anatomical structures listed in your study guide on the human models/photographs and in the dissected cat (larynx, trachea, L/R bronchi, R/L lung, and diaphragm - and the thyroid gland)
Identify microscopically, in photomicrographs: a) the type of epithelium lining the respiratory tract b) mucus glands/goblet cells and c) respiratory cilia

38. Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2
Digestive System & Digestive Enzymes (Labs 11 and 12) – 18 questions
Identify, given a model or a photograph of a model or a dissected cat, ALL the structures listed in your Laboratory Guide. Correctly list the substrates, products, and optimal conditions for the digestive enzymes we investigated in Lab 12 (salivary amylase, pepsin, and pancreatic lipase).
Urinary and Reproductive Systems (Lab 13) – Urinary 12, Repro 6 questions
Be able to recognize all structures, including all parts of the kidney and nephron and the adrenal glands [torso, plaque models, individual models, photos] listed on your Laboratory Guide for the human and cat (starred items).
Be able to recognize the major reproductive structures for the male listed in your laboratory guide in both the human and the cat (starred items)
Be able to recognize the major reproductive structures for the female listed in your laboratory guide in both the human and the cat (starred items)

39. Review of Subjects for Lab Exam 2
Urinalysis (Lab 14) – 2 questions
Review your urinalysis lab/results and be sure to understand what you did in lab, i.e., why do we see the results we see after ingesting particular solutions?
Name the instrument used to measure specific gravity
**Remember to do the online quizzes available on our main Web site!
**You will not need to bring a calculator - will be provided