2. World War II

3. After Pearl Harbor, American military leaders focused on: 1.Halting the Japanese advance 2.Mobilizing the whole nation for war.

4. America’s Early Battles American Forces halted the Japanese advances in 2 decisive naval battles. Coral Sea (May 1942) Coral Sea (May 1942) U.S. stopped a fleet convoying Japanese troops to New Guinea Japanese designs on Australia ended

6. Midway (June 1942) Japanese Admiral Yamamoto hoped to capture Midway Island as a base to attack Pearl Harbor again Japanese Admiral Yamamoto hoped to capture Midway Island as a base to attack Pearl Harbor again U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese by surprise and sank 3 of the 4 aircraft carriers U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz caught the Japanese by surprise and sank 3 of the 4 aircraft carriers

7. Midway

9. Importance of Midway The Japanese defeat at Midway was the turning point in the Pacific. Japanese advances stopped. Japanese advances stopped. U.S. assumes initiative. U.S. assumes initiative. Japanese have shortage of able pilots. Japanese have shortage of able pilots. Censorship and Propaganda News of the defeat was kept from the Japanese public. News of the defeat was kept from the Japanese public.

10. Mobilization at Home The war effort required all of America’s huge productive capacity and full employment of the workforce. Government expenditures soared. Government expenditures soared.

11. Mobilization at Home U.S. budget increases 1940 $9 million 1940 $9 million 1944 $100 million 1944 $100 million Expenditures in WWII greater than all previous government budgets combined (150 years) Expenditures in WWII greater than all previous government budgets combined (150 years) GNP 1939 91 billion 1945 166 million GNP 1939 91 billion 1945 166 million

12. Restoration of Prosperity World War II ended the Great Depression. Factories run at full capacity Ford Motor Company – one bomber plane per hour Ford Motor Company – one bomber plane per hour People save money (rationing) Army bases in South provide economic boom (most bases in South b/c of climate) The national debt grew to $260 billion (6 times its size on Dec. 7, 1941)

14. Mobilization at Home Government involvement in the economy War Production Board (WPB) (1942) War Production Board (WPB) (1942) Directed the conversion of private industries to war production. Growth of centralized big business Growth of centralized big business Income tax (1942) for all not just rich (5%) Government begins withholding from paychecks Income tax (1942) for all not just rich (5%) Government begins withholding from paychecks War bonds War bonds

15. Mobilization at Home

16. Conservation of resources Prices frozen Prices frozen Rationing – Rationing – gasoline, etc. gasoline, etc. The public collected The public collected scrap metal, etc. Grew their own food Grew their own food in “victory gardens” in “victory gardens”

20. Social Effects of the War Development of the West Lured by defense-related jobs at high wages Lured by defense-related jobs at high wages Nearly 8 million people moved into the states West of the Mississippi River between 1940 and 1945. (Seattle, San Francisco, San Diego, L.A.) Nearly 8 million people moved into the states West of the Mississippi River between 1940 and 1945. (Seattle, San Francisco, San Diego, L.A.)

21. Social Effects of the War Communities with few African Americans witnessed an influx of blacks. Communities with few African Americans witnessed an influx of blacks. Example: Seattle’s black population jumped from 4,000 to 40,000

22. Social Effects of the War Changing Roles for Women 6 million women entered the civilian workforce (1/3 rd ) 6 million women entered the civilian workforce (1/3 rd ) 200,000 women 200,000 women joined the armed forces

23. Married women and middle age women enter workforce for first time.Married women and middle age women enter workforce for first time. Attitudes toward sex roles change, at least temporarilyAttitudes toward sex roles change, at least temporarily “Rosie the Riveter”

25. Social Effects of the War Expanded participation of blacks 1 million blacks enter the armed forces, serve in segregated units. 1 million blacks enter the armed forces, serve in segregated units. Kept in service positions – cooks, janitors, etc. Kept in service positions – cooks, janitors, etc. Discrimination in defense work forbidden but hard to enforce. Discrimination in defense work forbidden but hard to enforce.

26. segregated units Pilots (Tuskegee airmen in Alabama) and combat soldiers were exception rather than norm. Pilots (Tuskegee airmen in Alabama) and combat soldiers were exception rather than norm.

27. Social Effects of the War Hispanics in Labor Force The bracero program brought some 200,000 Mexican farm workers into the western United States The bracero program brought some 200,000 Mexican farm workers into the western United States American Indians Were integrated within regular units Were integrated within regular units “Code Talkers” used to “encode” and decipher messages in Indian languages so as to prevent enemy discovery. “Code Talkers” used to “encode” and decipher messages in Indian languages so as to prevent enemy discovery. Internment of Japanese Americans

28. American Indians Were integrated within regular units “ Code Talkers” used to “encode” and decipher messages in Indian languages so as to prevent enemy discovery. THE COMANCHE CODE TALKERS

29. Internment of Japanese Americans

30. Internment camps of Japanese Americans

31. A Grand Alliance The Big Three G.B = Winston Churchill U.S.= (FDR) S.U =Joseph Stalin Strategy for War Defeat Germany first

32. Gloomy Prospects By the end of 1942, the Allies faced defeat. The chain of spectacular victories disguised fatal weaknesses within the Axis alliance: The chain of spectacular victories disguised fatal weaknesses within the Axis alliance: Japan and Germany fought separate wars, each on two fronts. They never coordinated strategies.

33. Gloomy Prospects The early defeats also obscured the Allies’ strengths: The early defeats also obscured the Allies’ strengths: The manpower of the Soviet Union The productive capacity of the U. S.

34. Invasion of the Soviet Union Hitler’s pivotal mistake. On June 22, 1941, Operation Barbarossa 4 million soldiers along 2,000 mile front 4 million soldiers along 2,000 mile front German army quickly advanced, but at a terrifying cost. German army quickly advanced, but at a terrifying cost. For the next three years, 90 percent of German deaths occurred on the eastern front. For the next three years, 90 percent of German deaths occurred on the eastern front.

35. Turning Points of the War: Eastern Front Stalingrad From August 1942 until February 1943 German and Soviet armies fought one of the bloodiest engagements in history. From August 1942 until February 1943 German and Soviet armies fought one of the bloodiest engagements in history.

36. Turning Points of the War: Eastern Front Each side suffered more casualties than the Americans did during the entire war. Each side suffered more casualties than the Americans did during the entire war. The Soviets defeated the German army at Stalingrad and then again at the battle of Kursk. The Soviets defeated the German army at Stalingrad and then again at the battle of Kursk. The Germans began a long retreat to Berlin.

37. Turning Points of the War: Western Front Operation Torch (1943) Allied victory in North Africa and invasion of Italy. Allied victory in North Africa and invasion of Italy. D-Day: Operation Overlord The Allied needed to establish a second front. The Allied needed to establish a second front. General Dwight Eisenhower launched an invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. General Dwight Eisenhower launched an invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944.

38. Operation Torch (1943)

39. Turning Points of the War: Western Front cont… An invasion fleet of some 4,000 ships and 150,000 men (57,000 U.S.) An invasion fleet of some 4,000 ships and 150,000 men (57,000 U.S.) Invasion successful. 5,000 killed and wounded Allied troops. It allowed them to gain a foothold on the continent from which they could push Germany back. It allowed them to gain a foothold on the continent from which they could push Germany back.

40. D-Day

41. Dwight D. Eisenhower HAfter attack on Pearl harbor he became chief f staff of the war plans division of the Army General Staff. HSummer 1942: assumes command of Allied Forces in North Africa. HDecember 1943: Named Supreme Commander of Allied Expeditionary Forces for the invasion of Western Europe HJune 6, 1944: Directed the landings on Normandy beaches. HMay 1945: Received Germany’s unconditional surrender.

42. Adolf Hitler HServed in German army during WWI HBegan career as an army political agent in the German Workers’(Nazi) Party, where he later became President of the Party. HAs leader of Germany, he commands invasion of Poland n 1939 and starts WWII. HHis “new order” for Europe called for the extermination of 6 million Jews. HJanuary 1945: With Germany looking to lose the war, he commits suicide in an underground bunker.

43. D-Day

44. Battle Statistics Allied Forces 150,000 troops (11Div) 1,500 tanks (2 Div) 5,300 ships & landing crafts 12,000 airplanes 20,000 airborne troops German Forces in the Battle Zone Battle Zone 80,000 troops 1 Panzer tank division Defending France 60 infantry units 10 tank divisionsCasualties By the end of day 2,500 Allied killed D-Day planners forecast 10,000 dead

46. Map of Normandy (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

47. Utah Beach H“Utah” was the codename for the farthest beach on the right of the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion.

48. Utah Beach HThe original plan did not include the “Utah” beach invasion, but was added late by General Eisenhower. HAt this spot is where Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. uttered his famous remark, ”We’ll start the war from here!” HSurprisingly few casualties-- fewer than 300 men, were killed here.

49. Omaha Beach  “Omaha” was the codename for the second beach from the right of the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion.

50. Omaha Beach  It was the largest of the assault areas, stretching over 6 miles.  The Germans had the waters and beach heavily mined. There were twelve strong points called “Widerstandsnester” or resistance nests.  Americans suffered 2,400 casualties out of 34,000 troops that landed.

51. Juno Beach  “Juno” was the code name for the second beach to the left of the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion.  It is used as a small fishing port prior to the war.

52. Juno Beach  The real hazard of the beach was not the German soldiers, rather the offshore reefs and shoals.  Seafront houses offered the Allied excellent observation and firing positions.  In the assault teams, the chance of becoming a casualty in the first hour was 1 in 2. The casualty ratio at the end of the day was 1 out of 18.

53. Gold Beach H“Gold” was the code name for the center beach the five designated landing areas of the Normandy Invasion.

54. Gold Beach HBy the evening of June 6, 25,000 men had landed, penetrated six miles inland, hooked up with the Canadians from Juno Beach. HBritish demolition personnel came under German fire from the beach and failed to clear obstacles in the water. The first landing carrying armored vehicles suffered damage: 20 of them struck mines. HThe British suffered 400 casualties while securing their beachhead.

55. Sword Beach H“Sword” is the codename for the extreme left beach of the five landing areas of the Normandy Invasion. HIt occupied a 5- mile stretch of the French coastline.

56. Sword Beach HThe area was dotted with vacation homes and tourist establishments located behind the seawall. HAt the end of the day the British had landed 29,000 men and had taken 630 casualties. HGerman casualties were much higher; many Germans were taken prisoner.

57. Quiz Time 1.) Which beach was used as a small fishing port prior to the war? A)JunoA)Juno B) UtahC)SwordD)GoldB) UtahC)SwordD)Gold 2.) The word “Widerstandsnester” means what? A)Birds NestB)Lookout PostA)Birds NestB)Lookout Post C)Resistance Nests D) A hotdogC)Resistance NestsD) A hotdog 3.) Who received Germany’s unconditional surrender? A) Adolf HitlerA) Adolf Hitler B) Gen. Eisenhower C) Gen. Patton D) Stone Cold B) Gen. EisenhowerC) Gen. PattonD) Stone Cold A) Adolf HitlerB) Gen. EisenhowerC) Gen. PattonD) Stone Cold 4.) On what day did D-Day take place? A) June 6, 1954A) June 6, 1954 B) June 6, 1934 C) August 6, 1945 D) June 6, 1944 B) June 6, 1934C) August 6, 1945D) June 6, 1944 A) June 6, 1954B) June 6, 1934C) August 6, 1945D) June 6, 1944 Directions: Click on the correct answer to each of the questions listed below. When finished, click the NEXT button to finish the presentation.

60. Race to Berlin D-Day was the turning point of the western front. Stalingrad was the turning point of the eastern front. The British, U.S., and Free French armies began to press into western Germany as the Soviets invaded eastern Germany. Both sides raced to Berlin.

61. Victory in Europe April, 1945 Mussolini is captured and killed Mussolini is captured and killed Hitler commits suicide Hitler commits suicide Berlin falls to Soviets on May 2, 1945. Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7 (8), 1945. (V-E Day)

62. Mussolini

64. Berlin Falls

65. Victory in Europe

66. The Holocaust 11 million died in German death camps 3.5 million Russians 6 million Jews (2/3 of European Jews) (2/3 of European Jews) Hitler’s “Final Solution” Systematic genocide Systematic genocide

67. A Grinding War against Japan In 1945, the U.S. began targeting people in order to coerce Japan to surrender 66 major Japanese cities bombed 66 major Japanese cities bombed 500,000 civilians killed 500,000 civilians killed

68. Iwo Jima (February, 1945) American marines invaded this island, which was needed to provide fighter escort for bombings over Japan American marines invaded this island, which was needed to provide fighter escort for bombings over Japan

69. Okinawa (April, 1945) U.S. invaded this island, which would provide a staging area for the invasion of the Japanese islands. U.S. invaded this island, which would provide a staging area for the invasion of the Japanese islands.

71. Atom Diplomacy FDR had funded the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb Dr. Robert Oppenheimer successfully tested in the summer of 1945. FDR had died on April 12, 1945, and the decision was left to Harry Truman. An amphibious invasion could cost over 350,000 Allied casualties.

72. Atom Diplomacy

73. Turning Points of the War: The Pacific August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay drops bomb on Hiroshima 140,000 dead; tens of thousands injured; radiation sickness; 80% of buildings destroyed 140,000 dead; tens of thousands injured; radiation sickness; 80% of buildings destroyed August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki 70,000 dead; 60,000 injured 70,000 dead; 60,000 injured Emperor Hirohito surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945. (V-J Day) Formal surrender signed on September 2 onboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay

74. Bombing on Hiroshima

76. Emperor Hirohito surrenders

77. Troops Return Home

78. Cost of War Germany - 3 million combat deaths (3/4ths on the eastern front) Japan – over 1.5 combat deaths; 900,000 civilians Soviet Union - 13 million combat deaths U.S. – 300,000 combat deaths, over 100,000 other deaths When you include all combat and civilian deaths, World War II becomes the most destructive war in history with estimates as high as 60 million, including 25 million Russians.

79.  1931 Japan invades Manchuria Significant Events  1935 First Neutrality Act  1939 World War II begins in Europe  1940 Roosevelt wins third term  1941 Congress adopts Lend-Lease Act Roosevelt & Churchill sign Atlantic Charter Pearl harbor attacked  1942 WPB and WLB created Battles of Guadalcanal and Midway fought American and British troops invade North Africa  1944 D-Day invasion of France Island hopping campaign reaches Guam  1945 Atom bombs dropped on Japan