1. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN SOCIOLOGY

2. Theoretical DEDUCTIVE Empirical INDUCTIVE Theoretical THE BASIC SCIENTIFIC METHOD

3. Theoretical Concepts DEDUCTIVE operationalization Empirical Variables & Attributes INDUCTIVE Theoretical Concepts THE BASIC SCIENTIFIC METHOD

4. Theoretical Concepts school performance DEDUCTIVE operationalization Empirical Variables & Attributes Grades INDUCTIVE Theoretical Concepts??????? THE BASIC SCIENTIFIC METHOD

5. Durkheim.pptx

6. Suicide rate (per 100,000 persons in each age group) By age, sex, and race, United States, 2007 BY RACE & SEX BY SEXBY RACE WHITEBLACK TOTALMALEFEMALEWHITEBLACKMALEFEMALEMALEFEMALE ALL AGES13.2721.345.5114.795.8523.666.1610.181.99 BY AGE 10 to 140.891.230.530.781.21.110.431.660.73 15 to 196.9111.112.497.414.0611.892.686.791.26 20 to 2412.6820.913.9313.48.1822.024.1414.182.02 25 to 2912.7620.434.7213.838.2122.015.114.132.51 30 to 3413.421.215.3614.768.6723.085.9715.612.36 35 to 3914.3122.216.3115.918.0524.417.0813.493.18 40 to 4416.8525.58.2519.066.9328.559.411.62.82 45 to 4917.7226.938.7220.196.1630.3810.010.222.63 50 to 5417.7327.028.8220.015.9230.0910.19.732.7 55 to 5916.2424.997.9818.325.0727.839.169.031.83 60 to 6414.5523.296.5316.034.1325.467.197.421.55 65 to 6912.8522.44.4814.233.8824.485.078.230.67 70 to 7412.3322.663.8813.553.8224.794.188.450.62 75 to 7916.3833.124.0517.625.6535.524.1512.811.33 80 to 8416.0335.83.5417.293.2538.563.678.760.35 85 +15.5641.813.116.851.545.423.252.551.06 Table adapted from the Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics Online- http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/csv/t31372007.csvhttp://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/csv/t31372007.csv Data from: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control [Online]. Available: http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_sy.html [June 17, 2010].

7.  Surveys and Interviews  Observation / Participant Observation  Experiments  Secondary data analysis MAIN TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS USED IN SOCIOLOGY

8. Theoretical: Students probably have old cars because they’re young & don’t have a lot of money. Empirical: Systematically walk around parking garage and note year, make, and model of the cars. Observe that the cars in the student spots are much newer than those in the faculty slots. Theoretical: Revised theory? THE BASIC SCIENTIFIC METHOD

9.  Surveys and Interviews  Observation / Participant Observation  Experiments  Secondary data analysis HOW MIGHT WE USE THESE METHODS TO EXAMINE STUDENTS’ EXTRACURRICULAR INVOLVEMENT AT TU?

10. IRB- Institutional Review Board ASA- Code of Ethics GENERAL PRINCIPLES.  Professional Competence  Integrity  Professional and Scientific Responsibility  Respect for People's Rights, Dignity, and Diversity  Social Responsibility ETHICS

11. Two experiments on obedience to authority Milgram (1961) Zimbardo (1971) ETHICAL CHALLENGES

12. MILGRAM Research subject “teacher” With fake shock generator Researcher “student” who was supposedly receiving electric shocks

13.  Researcher told research subject “teacher” to deliver increasing shocks when the “student” gave an incorrect answer.  How many of the 100 research subjects would obey and deliver what they thought was the maximum XXX shock to the “student”? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yr5cjyokVUs THE MILGRAM EXPERIMENT

14. Research subject psychological injury Greater understanding of obedience Applications RESULTS

15.  Mock prison at Stanford  24 UGs randomly assigned to play prisoners and guards  6x9 cells will 3 “prisoners” each- 24 hrs a day  “guards” on 8 hour shifts  Original term of experiment: 14 days  Actual term: 6 days http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2ya1j_sta nford-prison-experiment_news?search_algo=2 ZIMBARDO PRISON EXPERIMENT

16.  Abusive “guards”  Stressed and anxious “prisoners”  Dehumanizing and abusive interaction  Loss of clear notion that this was just an experiment  Ethical problems?  Ecological validity? RESULTS

17. Laud Humphreys and the Tearoom Trade Tuskegee Syphilis Study APPLICATION TO TWO CASES

18. 1) What was the goal of the research? 2) Which research methods were used? 3) Which, if any, ethics were violated? 4) Did the information learned justify the ethical violations? 5) Can you think of a more ethical way to get the same information? QUESTIONS