1. Leaf and Chloroplast Structure

2. LEAF STRUCTURES:

3. air spaces – reservoirs for carbon dioxide and water cuticle layer – waxy coating (cutin) to prevent water loss stomates (stomata) – pores in the epidermis for gas exchange. Stomates close as CO 2 or H 2 O levels drop, or high temperature. Transpiration occurs through them. closed open

5. Stomates open (or close) due to water and ion movement. Ions such as K+ and Cl- flowing into the guard cells causes hypotonic osmotic conditions.

6. Veins – groups of thick-walled cells forming round tubes within the spongy layer, usually surrounded by a single layer of cells. These “vascular” tissues carry water (xylem) & sugars, the products of photosynthesis (phloem).

7. Palisade layer – rectangular photosynthetic cells directly below the upper epidermis spongy (mesophyll) layer -loosely arranged photosynthetic cells below the palisade layer

8. upper epidermis - single protective layer of cells along the top edge of the leaf lower epidermis - thin, protective single layer of cells along the bottom edge of the leaf

9. Chloroplast Structure