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Chapter 30 THE TURBC3000lkjULENT SIXTIES America Past and Present Eighth Edition Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams Gross Brand Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman Chapter 30
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Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War John F. Kennedy a “_____________" Kennedy advisors supported ________ _________________
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Flexible Response Arms buildup –________________ forces –The ________arsenal –___________________ U.S. strength tempted new administration to challenge U.S.S.R.
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Crisis over Berlin 1961: ____________ renewed threat again to give Berlin to ______________ Kennedy’s response –Announce crisis on _________________ –Call up the National Guard ____________________________
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Containment in Southeast Asia Kennedy saw ____________ as focus of U.S.-Soviet rivalry –Supported Saigon’s _______________ –Sent 16,000 American _______________ November, 1963: ___________________ –Kennedy accepted –Coup further destabilized _______________ U.S. involvement in Vietnam deepened
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Containing Castro: The _____________ Fiasco Kennedy supported “anti-Castro forces in exile” Bay of Pigs invasion a part of _________ ____________________ April, 17 1961: Invasion –1,400 Cuban exiles land without expected U.S. military support –________________________ Kennedy took responsibility in defiant speech against “communist penetration”
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Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis _______________: Soviet nuclear missiles confirmed in Cuba ______________________________ U.S. imposed naval blockade, world appeared to be on the brink of _________ Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in exchange for public statement that U.S. would not invade Cuba and private assurance that U.S. _______________ _________________ would be removed
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Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis Political –_______________________________ –Democrats gained in Congressional elections Diplomatic effects –Moderation of the Cold War –Russians began ______________ buildup
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The New Frontier at Home Kennedy staff competent, activist Seeks legislative and economic reform JFK the __________________________
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The Congressional Obstacle Congress controlled by ____________ Democrat-Republican coalition Coalition blocked _________________ Kennedy did not challenge Congress
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Economic Advance Economic stimulation –Increased _________________ spending –Informal wage and price guidelines 1962: ___________ forced to lower prices 1963: Tax cut spurred one of the longest sustained advances in U.S. history Kennedy's economic policies doubled growth, _____________________
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Moving Slowly on Civil Rights Downplay civil rights legislation to avoid alienating Southern Democrats May, 1961: Federal marshals sent to protect _________________________ 1962: Federal marshals, _____________ ____________________ 1963: Deputy attorney general faced down ______________ at University of Alabama
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"I Have a Dream" May, 1963: Violent police suppression of nonviolent protestors in _____________ –Kennedy intervened on _______________ –Congress asked for civil-rights laws August, 1963: MLK led march on Washington Kennedy record disappointing to supporters, ____________________
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The Supreme Court and Reform Defendants’ rights in criminal cases –__________________, Esobedo vs. Iliionois, __________________ Legislative reapportionment of states –1962: Baker vs. Carr establishes “_____________________" Greater social justice achieved –Rights of the underprivileged protected –Dissent and free expression protected ___________________ school prayer
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"Let Us Continue" November 22, 1963: JFK assassinated by ____________________ Lyndon Johnson promised to continue Kennedy's programs Johnson ultimately ________________ record on economic, racial equality
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Johnson in Action ______________ on television Effective manager of Congress Spring, 1964: Kennedy's tax cut passed July 2: Civil Rights Act –____________________________ –Established ________________________ _______________ to lessen job discrimination –Protected voting rights –Amended to include women in an attempt to reduce support for it
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The Election of 1964 1964: Johnson launched “____________” to –Programs included Head Start, Job Corps, Community Action Programs –Encouraged self-help –Reduced poverty Johnson won landslide election against ___________________________
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The Triumph of Reform 1965: Great Society legislation advanced beyond New Deal ___________ Elementary and Secondary Education Act _________________
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African American Voter Registration Before and After Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964
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The Second Great Migration: A Theoretical Example
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Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War _______________________ continued 1965: Troops sent to _________________ Determined not to “_____" Vietnam to the Communists
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The Vietnam Dilemma 1964:_________ on the verge of collapse Johnson’s initial response –__________ to send American combat forces –Economic aid –Military advisers –______________ ____________: ____________ Resolution gives Johnson authority to escalate in Vietnam
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Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War
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Escalation U.S. effort intended to bring ___________ _____________ Policy of secrecy and deceit to assure Americans of Vietnam’s insignificance and keep Vietnam from endangering the Great Society Johnson’s “sins” in Vietnam were ______, __________ and the refusing to admit he had committed U.S. to dangerous conflict
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Stalemate 1968: ___________________________ War of attrition increased American losses, ________________________ Johnson’s tactics failed to ___________ Americans gradually turned against the war
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U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 each year)
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Years of Turmoil Exceptional unrest at home Continued ___________ of Vietnam war
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The Student Revolt 1964: Student protest movement launched at __________ Challenged older generation’s materialism _______________ targeted Widespread cultural uprising __________________________ fullest expression of student revolt
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Protesting the Vietnam War October, 1967: ________________ besieged the Pentagon Demonstrations suppressed by a combination of force, concessions
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The Cultural Revolution Rejection of older values through –_________________ –_________ Some extremism __________________ Serious challenge to hypocrisy of American society
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"Black Power" 1964–1967: _____ in __________ cities Rise of militant leaders –Black separatism –Armed struggle ______ led anti-poverty crusade April, 1968: __________________ Militancy increased African American pride
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Ethnic Nationalism Multiple groups emulated African American movement 1965: ___________ organized ________ ___________________ __________ won federal mandate for bilingual education
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Women's Liberation 1963: Friedan's ____________________ New feminist activism –1964 Civil Rights Act used to attack ________ ______________ –____________________ on abortion –Sought to toughen enforcement of rape laws ______: Congress sent Equal Rights Amendment to the states
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The Return of Richard Nixon _____: A year of turmoil –Presidential election –Turning point in the Vietnam War –Massive protests in the streets ___________ election demonstrated desire for national reconciliation
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Vietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson 1968: _____________ led to conclusion that Vietnam war cannot be won March: _________ announced he will ___ seek another term as president
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The Democrats Divide Rivals –Minnesota Senator ______________ –__________ Kennedy –Party leaders favored _________________ Kennedy assassinated during campaign 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago besieged by antiwar protestors Democrats ________________________
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The Republican Resurgence Republicans united on _______________ ________________ third party candidacy drew ______________ votes ________won narrow victory
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The End of an Era Election of 1968 ended ______________ _____________, activist foreign policy Americans sought _________________ government
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