1. Chapter Ninth Edition America: Past and Present America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Turbulent Sixties 30

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War 1960 election – Kennedy vs. Nixon – first televised debate – critical to Kennedy’s victory Domestic program – New Frontier Priority was foreign policy John F. Kennedy a “Cold Warrior” Kennedy supported U.S. hard line against Russia

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Flexible Response Balance nuclear with conventional Arms buildup: –Conventional armed forces –The nuclear arsenal –Special Forces U.S. strength tempted new administration to challenge U.S.S.R.

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Crisis Over Berlin 1961: Khrushchev renews threat to kick America out of Berlin Germany Kennedy’s response –Announce crisis on nationwide television –Call up the National Guard Soviets built Berlin Wall Wall meant to keep East Germans from migrating to the West

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containment in Southeast Asia Kennedy saw Southeast Asia as focus of U.S.-Soviet rivalry –Supported Saigon’s Diem regime –Increased American military “advisors” and money to Vietnam November, 1963: Coup against Diem –Kennedy accepted –Coup further destabilized South Vietnam U.S. involvement in Vietnam deepened

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containing Castro: The Bay of Pigs Fiasco Kennedy supported “anti-Castro forces in exile” to thwart the aims of the Soviet Union and overthrow Fidal Castro Bay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA plan under Eisenhower

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containing Castro: The Bay of Pigs Fiasco 1961: Invasion of Cuba –1,400 Cuban exiles land without expected U.S. air support –Defeated within 48 hours Kennedy took responsibility for disaster in defiant speech against “communist penetration”

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962: Russian nuclear missiles confirmed in Cuba Blockade Cuba to prevent more missiles from coming into Cuba Threaten nuclear confrontation to force removal of missiles already there World appears to be on the brink of nuclear war

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in exchange for public statement that U.S. would not invade Cuba Private assurance that U.S. Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis Political and diplomatic effects –Kennedy matures/increase in popularity –Negotiations regarding nuclear testing –Russians begin naval, nuclear buildup –Soviet-American hotline set up –Belief hard line with Soviets is justified –Cold war escalates

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The New Frontier at Home Kennedy staff competent, activist Seeks legislative and economic reform JFK the administration’s greatest asset Most controversial Cabinet appointment – Robert Kennedy – Attorney General

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Congressional Obstacle Southern Democrat-Republican coalition control Congress Coalition blocks far-reaching reform Kennedy’s greatest domestic obstacle was Congress

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Economic Advance Economic stimulation –Increase space and defense spending –Informal wage and price guidelines 1963: Tax cut causes one of the longest sustained advances in U.S. history Kennedy’s economic policies double growth, cut unemployment

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Moving Slowly on Civil Rights Downplays civil rights legislation to avoid alienating Southern Democrats 1961: Federal marshals sent to protect Birmingham freedom riders 1962: National Guard sent to University of Mississippi 1963: Deputy Attorney General faced down George Wallace at University of Alabama

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “I Have a Dream” 1963: Violent police suppression of nonviolent protestors in Birmingham –Kennedy intervenes on side of blacks –Congress asks for civil rights laws 1963: MLK leads march on Washington Kennedy’s civil rights record disappointing to supporters

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands “Let Us Continue” November 22, 1963: Lee Harvey Oswald assassinates JFK VP Lyndon Johnson becomes President Lyndon Johnson continues Kennedy’s programs Johnson ultimately exceeds Kennedy’s record on economic and civil rights bills

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Johnson in Action Johnson not polished like Kennedy Most influential Senate majority leader Knowledge of legislative process is greatest asset Known for giving the “Johnson treatment” 1964: Kennedy’s tax cut passed and resulted in a sustained economic boom

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Johnson in Action Civil Rights Act –Banned public segregation –Established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to lessen job discrimination –Protected voting rights of African Americans –Amended to include women

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Election of 1964 1964: Johnson launched “war on poverty” –Programs include Head Start, Job Corps, Community Action Programs –Encourage self-help –Reduce poverty by about ten million Johnson wins election by landslide

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Triumph of Reform 1965: Johnson’s Great Society program advances beyond New Deal Medicare for the elderly Medicaid for poor Elementary and Secondary Education Act Voting Rights Act gives dramatic increase in African American voting registration in the South – bans literacy tests

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands African American Voter Registration Before and After Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War Johnson continues Kennedy’s foreign policy Inherited policy of containment – shared cold war assumptions and convictions Determined not to “lose” South Vietnam to the Communists in North Vietnam Eventually, Johnson’s obsession with Vietnam causes his downfall

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Vietnam Dilemma After assassination of Diem, South Vietnam on the verge of collapse Johnson continues economic aid and military advisers – also authorizes covert actions 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gives Johnson authority to defend South Vietnam Johnson proves to enemies that he will take tough stance in Vietnam In long run – costly victory because Congress felt mislead

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Escalation Communist leader, Ho Chi Minh, organized Viet Minh in North to free Vietnam from France/America Communist organize army in South Vietnam called Vietcong U.S. increases air attacks on North Vietnam 1968, 500,000 American troops in Vietnam Johnson worries about consequences of either withdrawing or invasion of North War ends up in bloody stalemate

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Stalemate U.S. counted on massive firepower especially air strikes which were largely ineffective Air strikes to destroy supply lines not successful Few industrial sites in Vietnam to bomb Afraid to bomb certain supply ports because China and/or Russia might enter war Americans back home gradually turn against the war

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 Each Year)

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Years of Turmoil Tet Offensive – Vietcong launch surprise attack on cities in the South Tet Offensive - turning point for U.S. – major political victory for Northern Communists Shocks Americans back home Johnson blamed and opens peace talks Johnson does not seek another term

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Student Revolt 1964: Student protest movement launched at Berkeley Challenged older generation’s materialism Main issue of protest - Vietnam War Widespread cultural uprising

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands Protesting the Vietnam War 1967: 100,000 protesters besiege the Pentagon 1968 – students seize 5 buildings at Columbia University for eight days Demonstrations suppressed by a combination of negotiation and force

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Cultural Revolution Rejection of older values through: –Sexual expression –Clothing –Drugs –Music Some extremism provokes outrage Serious challenge to hypocrisy of American society

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Return of Richard Nixon 1968: Presidential election - A year of turmoil –Turning point in the Vietnam War –Massive protests in the streets Richard Nixon wins election by narrow margin Has plan to end Vietnam war

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The Democrats Divide 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago besieged by antiwar protestors Democrats wounded in public opinion Failure to win war but won’t withdraw

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands The End of an Era Election of 1968 ended 30-year era of liberal reform, activist foreign policy Americans sought less intrusive government Vietnam war ended policy of containment