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Introduction to Computer Engineering ECE/CS 252, Fall 2010 Prof. Mikko Lipasti Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin.

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Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Computer Engineering ECE/CS 252, Fall 2010 Prof. Mikko Lipasti Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin."— Presentation transcript:

1 Introduction to Computer Engineering ECE/CS 252, Fall 2010 Prof. Mikko Lipasti Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin – Madison

2 Chapter 3 Digital Logic Structures - Part 2 Slides based on set prepared by Gregory T. Byrd, North Carolina State University

3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Building Functions from Logic Gates We've already seen how to implement truth tables using AND, OR, and NOT, etc. -- examples of combinational logic. Combinational Logic Circuit output depends only on the current inputs stateless Sequential Logic Circuit output depends on the sequence of inputs (past and present) stores information (state) from past inputs Next we’ll show how to use sequential circuits to store information.

4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Combinational vs. Sequential Combinational Circuit always gives the same output for a given set of inputs  ex: adder always generates sum and carry, regardless of previous inputs Sequential Circuit stores information output depends on stored information (state) plus input  so a given input might produce different outputs, depending on the stored information example: ticket counter  advances when you push the button  output depends on previous state useful for building “memory” elements and “state machines”

5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Gated D-Latch Two inputs: D (data) and WE (write enable) when WE = 1, latch is set to value of D when WE = 0, latch holds previous value Watch online lecture to understand internals: D WE out

6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Register A register stores a multi-bit value. We use a collection of D-latches, all controlled by a common WE. When WE=1, n-bit value D is written to register.

7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Memory: 2-dimensional register We can build a memory – a logical k × m array of stored bits. k = 2 n locations m bits Address Space: number of locations (usually a power of 2) Addressability: number of bits per location (e.g., byte-addressable)

8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. State Machine Important type of sequential circuit Combines combinational logic with storage “Remembers” state, and changes output (and state) based on inputs and current state State Machine Combinational Logic Circuit Storage Elements InputsOutputs

9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Combinational vs. Sequential Two types of “combination” locks 4184 30 15 5 1020 25 Combinational Success depends only on the values, not the order in which they are set. Sequential Success depends on the sequence of values (e.g, R-13, L-22, R-3).

10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. State The state of a system is a snapshot of all the relevant elements of the system at the moment the snapshot is taken. Examples: The state of a basketball game can be represented by the scoreboard.  Number of points, time remaining, possession, etc. The state of a tic-tac-toe game can be represented by the placement of X’s and O’s on the board.

11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. State of Sequential Lock Our lock example has four different states, labelled A-D: A: The lock is not open, and no relevant operations have been performed. B:The lock is not open, and the user has completed the R-13 operation. C:The lock is not open, and the user has completed R-13, followed by L-22. D:The lock is open.

12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. State Diagram Shows states and actions that cause a transition between states.

13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Finite State Machine A description of a system with the following components: 1.A finite number of states 2.A finite number of external inputs 3.A finite number of external outputs 4.An explicit specification of all state transitions 5.An explicit specification of what causes each external output value. Often described by a state diagram. Inputs may cause state transitions. Outputs are associated with each state (or with each transition).

14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Clock Frequently, a clock circuit triggers transition from one state to the next. At the beginning of each clock cycle, state machine makes a transition, based on the current state and the external inputs. “1” “0” time  One Cycle

15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Implementing a Finite State Machine Combinational logic Determine outputs and next state. Storage elements Maintain state representation. State Machine Combinational Logic Circuit Storage Elements InputsOutputs Clock

16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Storage Each storage element remembers one state bit. The number of storage elements needed is determined by the number of states (and the representation of each state). Examples: Sequential lock  Four states – two bits Basketball scoreboard  7 bits for each score, 5 bits for minutes, 6 bits for seconds, 1 bit for possession arrow, 1 bit for half, …

17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Complete Example A blinking traffic sign No lights on 1 & 2 on 1, 2, 3, & 4 on 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 on (repeat as long as switch is turned on) DANGER MOVE RIGHT 1 2 3 4 5

18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Traffic Sign State Diagram State bit S 1 State bit S 0 Switch on Switch off Outputs Transition on each clock cycle.

19 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Traffic Sign Truth Tables Outputs (depend only on state: S 1 S 0 ) S1S1 S0S0 ZYX 00000 01100 10110 11111 Lights 1 and 2 Lights 3 and 4 Light 5 Next State: S 1 ’S 0 ’ (depend on state and input) InS1S1 S0S0 S1’S1’S0’S0’ 0XX00 10001 10110 11011 11100 Switch Whenever In=0, next state is 00.

20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Traffic Sign Logic Master-slave flipflop Why? Watch the online lecture!

21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. From Logic to Data Path The data path of a computer is all the logic used to process information. See the data path of the LC-3 on next slide. Combinational Logic Decoders -- convert instructions into control signals Multiplexers -- select inputs and outputs ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) -- operations on data Sequential Logic State machine -- coordinate control signals and data movement Registers and latches -- storage elements

22 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. LC-3 Data Path

23 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Summary Sequential Logic Circuits Storage/Memory D Latch Register Memory Watch online lecture for more details Finite State Machines State Diagram Output Logic Next State Logic LC-3 Datapath

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