1. Architectural Styles

2. Art Deco (1925-1940) Identifying Features:
Smooth wall surface, often stucco
Smooth-faced stone and metal
Polychrome, often with vivid colors
Forms simplified and streamlined
Geometric designs including zigzags, chevrons
Towers and other vertical projections, presenting a vertical emphasis

3. Machined and often metallic construction materials for decorative features.
These were the buildings of the future: sleek, geometric, dramatic. embraced the machine age.

4. Greek Original Structures:
The first Greek structures were built very primitive and basic
The houses were mainly built with a
circular shape
oval shape
apsidal shape
rectangular shape
mostly square, but some were oblong
had the entrance at one of the short end
used mud bricks and stones in the mud with reeds or brush to help build the house
most of the houses had one room, there were very rarely two

5. The Original Structure (cont)..
The next group of settlers were the Minoan architects
Their towns were mostly residential with little or no temples and public places.
their houses were private and had many rooms
To separate rooms, they would use only pillars
The stairways were a very prominent feature for these massive homes.

6. The Three Orders: (known for column style)
Doric
Starts with some wood shafts, which was replaced by stone.
top of the shaft, were circular pads with a square block of wood over it.
The vertical columns were used to support the beams called architraves.
To form the ceiling, other beams were laid across the building with their ends on these architraves.
On the end of these beams, they could be channeled to make a triglyph.
On the top of a triglyph there would be another beam which would be placed for the overhanging rafters.
These type of beams were referred as to a mutules.

7. Doric (cont)
The finishing touches for the roof had to have a flat gables called pediments.
The gutter ran along the top of the pediments and ended at a lion's mouth. This acted like a drain.
The materials that were used for the roofs were thatch and the terra-cotta and marble.
Entablature
Column
Temple
Column’s dimensions were 4-5 meters high

8. The Three Orders (cont.)
Ionic
Columns were more slender
Their dimensions were eight to nine meters high
The columns had a molded base placed under them and then sculpted figures on the lower part of the shaft were added.
At the top of the shafts, were rectangular blocks of stone, which were carved in the shape of hair or other wave and line shapes.
Column
Entablature
Capital

9. Three Orders (cont)
Corinthian (not widely used due to its detail. Too fancy, to much)
Entablature

10. Greek Greek Revival: IDENTIFYING FEATURES:
Gable or hipped, low-pitch roof
Dentil cornice emphasized with wide band of trim -- cornice represents classical entablature (includes cornice, frieze, architrave)
Porches: square or rounded columns (usually Doric)
First style to use gable-front floor plan (gable end facing the street, representing Greek temple)
Temple-front entryway with entry door surrounded by rectangular transom and sidelights (never rounded like federal).

11. Greek Revival Dominant style in America, 1820-1850
Also called "national style" due to popularity
first American architectural style to reach West Coast
The Greek Revival movement becomes widely accepted throughout the early U.S. as a symbol of the new democracy.

12. Renaissance
Italian:
Architects based their theories and practices on Classical Roman examples.
Study the ancient buildings and ruins, especially the Colosseum and Pantheon
Classical orders and architectural elements:
Columns
Pilasters
Pediments
Renaissance architecture is characterized by:
Harmonious form
Mathematical proportion
A unit of measurement based on the human scale.
Entablatures
Arches
Domes

13. The characteristics of the style:
French:
The characteristics of the style:
ashlar masonry accentuated with rusticated quoins
architrave framed windows
doors supporting entablatures or pediments,
a belt or string course that may divide the ground or first floor from the upper floors
small square windows that indicate the top story.
imported from Italy during the early 16th century and developed in the light of local architectural traditions
“French Renaissance" is a term often used to describe a cultural and artistic movement in France from the late 15th century to the early 17th century.
The French Renaissance traditionally extends from (roughly) the French invasion of Italy in 1494 during the reign of Charles VIII until the death of Henri IV in 1610.
The Louvre

14. English:
In England the Renaissance was potent force in England during the 16th century
During this period two distinctive styles emerged:
Jacobean style:
blended medieval and renaissance styles
characteristic of formal structures
transition from Elizabethan to Pure Renaissance
Predominant after Queen Elizabeth's reign
Tends to be more unified and consistent
Elizabethan style:
blended Medieval and Renaissance styles
characteristic of large noble houses
transition from Medieval to Renaissance
Predominant during Queen Elizabeth's reign from

15. Modern
Emerged in the decade after World War I, the mid-nineteenth century to the 1970s
Also known as International style, Neue Sachlichkeit, and functionalism
An emphasis on shape, form, light, and transparency
ideological faith in utopian rationalism and functionalism, as the core elements of this movement.
From the outcome of the humanist belief in individual reason:
foundations of the movement lie in earlier Renaissance and Enlightenment thought.
The modernist objective to understand and master nature

16. Modern cont..
Intellectual basis that shaped the aesthetic program of high modernist architecture:
Beauty lies in the ability of the rational mind to extract formal rules from the surrounding world, making transparent the universal mechanics of the perfect machine.
The emphasis on geometry and form follows, with surface decoration and style at best irrelevant, at worst deceitful.
functionality becomes the clearest expression of rationalism.
Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright

17. Modern The style features: smooth stucco wall surfaces rounded corners
a flat roof with coping
an asymmetrical facade
corner, glass block
and round windows
horizontal grooves or lines to emphasize
a streamline quality.

18. Medieval Spanned from 1066-1603 Romanesque Period: Norman era
Copied the pattern and proportion of the architecture of the Roman Empire
Chief characteristics:
barrel vaults
round arches
thick piers
few windows
Extremely uncomfortable
dark, dank and cold

19. Tudor: English Country
Imitate English architecture from the early 16th century.
Some Tudor houses mimic humble Medieval cottages -- They may even include a false thatched roof.
Other Tudor homes borrow ideas from late Medieval palaces.
They may have overlapping gables, parapets, and beautifully patterned brick or stonework.
These historic details combine with Victorian or Craftsman flourishes.

20. Gothic: Began in 12th century France Light, spacious, and graceful
"The French Style“
Renaissance critics appalled at the abandonment of classical line and proportion called it "Gothic“
In reference to the imagined lack of culture of the barbarian tribes
Light, spacious, and graceful
Advances in architectural technique learned from
Arab world during the Crusades
Led to innovations such as:
The pointed arch
Ribbed vault
The buttress
Heavy Romanesque piers were replaced by slender clusters of columns
Window sizes grew
Height of vaults and spires grew

21. Free standing sculpture instead of being incorporated in columns
Gothic cont..
Free standing sculpture instead of being incorporated in columns
Windows filled with color
Churches have elaborate decoration, especially the "tracery", or stonework supporting the stained glass windows.
1200 to Early English Gothic Style (also called Lancet)
1300 to Decorated Gothic Style
1400 to Perpendicular Gothic Style

22. Some Other Styles: Prehistoric Ancient Bamanesque Baroque Rococo
Georgian
American Colonial
Neoclassical/Idealist
Victorian
Art + Craft Movement
Art Nouveau

23. Apsidal
A semicircular of polygonal termination or recess in a building, usually vaulted and used at the end of a choir in a church

24. Bibliography: http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~twp/architecture/