1. Classification of Living Things http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg

3. REMEMBER ______________ total of _______________ in an ecosystem ___________ population of organisms that ____________ ____________ and ________ with each other BIODIVERSITY SPECIES all the living things share similar characteristicscan breed

4. Biologists have identified and named over____________________ so far. Estimates = between _____________ species yet be discovered 1.5 million species http://www.millan.net 2-100 million

5. WHY CLASSIFY? ________________________________ ________________________________ Identifies and names species Groups organisms in a logical manner

6. _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms TAXONOMY

7. Naming and organizing animals into groups with biological significance ______________ ____________. BIRD... ? Image from: http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg An animal with feathers helps make sense of relationships

8. A good classification system: places organisms in a group ___ _________________________ other organisms that are similar with

9. A good classification system: Uses names that are ______ Can ______ as new data is discovered Shows _____________ of organisms UNIQUE CHANGE RELATIONSHIPS

10. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher __________ more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

11. Aristotle’s system Based on kind of stem PLANTS:_________ Based on where they lived ANIMALS: _________ By: Riedell

12. Common names can vary Example: ______________ ______________... are all names for the same animal Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg By using a _____________________________, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism universally accepted scientific name mountain lion puma catamount cougar

13. Common names vary ________ (English) Streifenhornchen (______) Tamia (______) Ardilla listada (______) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm Spanish Italian German Chipmunk

14. Common names can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a _____ but… it’s an ______! Ex: A ________ isn’t a fish, but a _________ is! Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg jellyFISH animal seaHORSE plant

15. Common names can be misleading In the United States, ________ refers to a ______. In the United Kingdom, ________ refers to a ____ http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/HoodedVulture(HM).jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Buteo_buteo_5_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg BUZZARD vulture BUZZARD hawk

16. By mid 19 th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species. Latin and Greek

17. EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis Names too hard and long to remember! “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” Different scientists described different characteristics. PROBLEMS:

18. ________________ comes to the rescue! Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg Carolus Linnaeus

19. Linnaeus’s System Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 7 different taxonomic levels OR _________ The practice of assigning each organism a two part scientific name = _____________________________ TAXONS BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

20. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach

22. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus SpeciesGenus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

23. Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

30. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) 1 st name = _______________ –Always capitalized 2 nd name = _________________ –Always lower case Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. GENUS NAME SPECIES NAME UNDERLINED ITALICS

31. GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = _____ (Includes many kinds of bears) SPECIES = ______________________ http://www.macecanada.com/images/bears/kodiak_bear.gif http://students.cs.byu.edu/~tole/Virtual%20Zoo/polar-bear.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_bear_large.jpg Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis Ursus unique to each kind of bear

32. Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

33. MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION 18-2

34. In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will ______! Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar ___________. MATE characteristics

35. BUT... which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?

36. Should a ______ be grouped with ____ because it ___ __________________? OR with _______ because it _______________________ for its young? mammals fins and lives in water hasfish dolphin breathes air and makes milk

37. Look at these 3 organisms: LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.html http://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpg http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/

38. Judging by appearances you would probably put ______ and _______ together in a group and ____ in a different group. BUT LOOKS can be deceiving! BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006 limpetsbarnacles crabs

39. LIMPET CRAB BARNACLE Look more closely! Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different. Barnacles have jointed limbs. Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have a segmented body Limpets DON’T ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. Limpets DON’T !

40. LIMPET CRABBARNACLE Look more closely! Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar Barnacles have jointed limbs. So do CRABS ! Barnacles have a segmented body So do CRABS ! Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts. So do CRABS !

41. LIMPET SNAIL http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/ Limpets have an internal anatomy more like snails, which are ________. Because of these characteristics, scientists have concluded that barnacles are more closely related to crabs than to ________ MOLLUSKS

42. BOTH crabs and barnacles have been classified as ____________ Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006 CRUSTACEANS

43. MODERN TAXONOMY Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history = _____________________ Evolutionary classification

44. MODERN TAXONOMY The study of an organism’s evolutionary history = phylogeny

45. ____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members = ______________ CLADISTICS Derived characters

46. Derived characters can be used to construct a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms = ________ cladogram Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

47. ________________ appear at ________ of the _________ showing where they first arose. Cladograms help scientists understand how one lineage ____________ ______ Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006 cladogram branches Derived characters branched from another

48. All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on ____________________________. Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits. EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth. DNA and RNA http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif physical similarities and differences

49. GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the _______ ____. _______________ can be used to help determine __________ and ________ __________ between organisms. http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif relationships level Similarities in DNA classification evolutionary molecular

50. Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________ Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move. MYOSIN http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg

51. Most closely-related to humans Most distantly-related to humans

52. Similarities in DNA can be used to help show ____________________ and ____________________. Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family. Storks were put in a separate family. evolutionary relationships how species have changed

53. American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork The only other bird that does this is the STORK.

54. DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 African vulture American vulture Stork recent common ancestor

55. Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently = ________________ MOLECULAR CLOCK

56. ____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code. Degree of _________ is an indication of how long ago two species shared a common ancestor Mutations dissimilarity Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

57. Different genes accumulate ________ at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”. http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock. mutations

58. Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

59. Image Sources http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/ http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html http://www.gifs.net http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm

60. http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif http://www.drtoy.com/news/ http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif

61. http://www.gifs.net http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg