1. Essay Organization Essay Organization is: the Arrangement of an essay’s parts to form an effective whole which essay’s parts to form an effective whole which communicates your thoughts more clearly, more effectively, and more interestingly. effectively, and more interestingly. * (You simply decide what information belongs in each paragraph, and then in what order you should arrange the paragraphs.)

2. Patterns of Essay Organization You can organize your essay by using one of four patterns: 1. Chronological Order 2. Logical Division 3. Cause and Effect 4. Comparison and Contrast

3. Patterns of Essay Organization You can organize your essay by using one of four patterns: 1. Chronological Order

4. Essay Organization by Chronological Order Chronological order: List of events in order of their occurrence order by time Chronological order: List of events in order of their occurrence order by timeUsage: - Technical process essays - Instructive (How to) essays - History, biography, auto-biography, etc. - (List of events over a period of time)

5. Essay Organization by Chronological Order See p. 97 for a model essay based on chronological order organization and answer the following questions: See p. 97 for a model essay based on chronological order organization and answer the following questions: 1. Underline the thesis statement twice. 2. Underline the topic sentence of each paragraph. 3. Underline the passive verb forms. 4. Circle the transition signals.

6. Why do you think there are a lot of passive verb forms in this essay? Why do you think there are a lot of passive verb forms in this essay? Ex. The hot water is circulated… Ex. The hot water is circulated…

7. A General Outline to Write an Organized Process Essay A General Outline to Write an Organized Process Essay (p. 98) (p. 98)

8. Organization 1. Introduction: (an overview on the process) 1. Introduction: (an overview on the process) A. Give a definition of the process. A. Give a definition of the process. Explain why the process is performed Explain why the process is performed By whom it is performed By whom it is performed In what way it is performed In what way it is performed B. List the equipment, supplies, etc., needed B. List the equipment, supplies, etc., needed in the process. in the process. C. List the main steps of the process in the C. List the main steps of the process in the order they are performed. order they are performed.

9. 2. Body 2. Body A. Write a topic sentence to introduce the A. Write a topic sentence to introduce the first step. first step. 1. Define the step and state its purpose. 1. Define the step and state its purpose. 2. Describe the apparatus or equipment 2. Describe the apparatus or equipment used. used. 3. Divide the main step into as many details as 3. Divide the main step into as many details as necessary. necessary. B. For all subsequent steps, follow the same general procedure outlined above until you have explained all of the steps. B. For all subsequent steps, follow the same general procedure outlined above until you have explained all of the steps.

10. 3. Conclusion 3. Conclusion Summarize the essay by: Summarize the essay by: - Restating what the steps of the process - How it operates - Why it is important. * The conclusion repeats the information given in the body of the essay, without going into specific details.

11. Process essay: passive form Process essay: passive form How to essays: How to essays: - imperatives (fold) + - imperatives (fold) + - second-singular verb forms (you should….) - second-singular verb forms (you should….) Events over a time (biography, history,.etc.): Events over a time (biography, history,.etc.): You will write about events in the order that they happen. You will write about events in the order that they happen. Your paragraphs will be blocks of time: morning, afternoon, and night/ before…, and after… Your paragraphs will be blocks of time: morning, afternoon, and night/ before…, and after… Time expressions are needed in all types! Time expressions are needed in all types!

12. Practice! (p. 99) Write a thesis statement for one of the topics in each group: Write a thesis statement for one of the topics in each group: 1. Scientific/technical processes 1. Scientific/technical processes 2. Instructions/directions 2. Instructions/directions 3. Chronologies 3. Chronologies

13. Writing Practice! Choose one of the topics from practice 7 above and write an essay using chronological order as a method of organization. Choose one of the topics from practice 7 above and write an essay using chronological order as a method of organization. Please follow these steps to success: Please follow these steps to success: 1. Brainstrom by freewriting, listing, or clustering all the steps in your process or events in your chronology. 2. Draw a simple diagram or flow chart which shows the steps and substeps in the process of chronology. 3. Develop an outline from your flow chart. Use the outline on page 89 as a guide. 4. Write your first draft from your outline. Be sure to use chronological transition signals. 5. Revise your rough draft as you have learned in Chapter 7. Check your final copy against the essay Checklist on p. 94

14. Essay Organization: 2. (Logical Division) Grouping related items according to some quality they have in common. Grouping related items according to some quality they have in common. A broad subject can be subdivided into several categories or groups that will narrow the topics for discussion. Then, each subdivided topic can be discussed in order. (e.g. Civil engineering/ electrical engineering/ Space engineering/ mechanical engineering, etc.) A broad subject can be subdivided into several categories or groups that will narrow the topics for discussion. Then, each subdivided topic can be discussed in order. (e.g. Civil engineering/ electrical engineering/ Space engineering/ mechanical engineering, etc.) By dividing the field into subclasses, you can discuss each one separately, which simplifies the task of explaining a broad subject. By dividing the field into subclasses, you can discuss each one separately, which simplifies the task of explaining a broad subject.

15. ( Model: Essay, p. 101) Step1: Locate and underline the thesis statement twice. How many subtopics does it list? Step1: Locate and underline the thesis statement twice. How many subtopics does it list? Step2: Locate the main sentence in the concluding paragraph and underline it twice. Is it a paraphrase of the thesis statement or a summary of the main points? Step2: Locate the main sentence in the concluding paragraph and underline it twice. Is it a paraphrase of the thesis statement or a summary of the main points? Step3: Underline the topic sentence in each paragraph. Step3: Underline the topic sentence in each paragraph. Step4: Notice the transition expressions between paragraphs. Do all of the paragraphs contain one? Step4: Notice the transition expressions between paragraphs. Do all of the paragraphs contain one?

16. Practice 9, p. 102 Transition between paragraphs: Transition between paragraphs: Copy the words, phrases or clauses that serve as links between the six paragraphs or the model essay. Copy the words, phrases or clauses that serve as links between the six paragraphs or the model essay.

17. Logical Division: (Transition Signals and Thesis Statements) - See p. 102 for transition signals. - Example thesis statements: A college education is a necessary in today’s competitive world for two main reasons. (subtopics not named) A college education is a necessary in today’s competitive world for two main reasons. (subtopics not named) A college education is a necessary in today’s competitive world not only because of the knowledge you gain but also because of the personal contacts you make. (subtopics are named) A college education is a necessary in today’s competitive world not only because of the knowledge you gain but also because of the personal contacts you make. (subtopics are named) To many men, an automobile symbolizes three things: money, power, and success. (subtopics named) To many men, an automobile symbolizes three things: money, power, and success. (subtopics named)

18. Writing Practice: (p. 103) A. Write an essay in which you explain the influence of one culture on another. A. Write an essay in which you explain the influence of one culture on another. (Choose two cultures with which you are familiar.) (Choose two cultures with which you are familiar.) - You might discuss things such as: language, food, clothing, music, family customs, business methods, educational methods, etc. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - B. Write an essay in which you discuss some of the customs or traditions of your culture you wish to preserve as a part of your lifestyle, such as food, religion, holidays, etc.

19. Essay Organization: 3. Cause and Effect In cause and effect essay, you discuss the reasons of something, and then you discuss the results. In cause and effect essay, you discuss the reasons of something, and then you discuss the results. Examples for cause and effect essay examination (see p. 104) Examples for cause and effect essay examination (see p. 104)

20. Essay Organization: 3. Cause and Effect There are two ways of organizing a cause and effect essay: (1) Block organization There are two ways of organizing a cause and effect essay: (1) Block organization (2) Chain organization. (2) Chain organization. 1. Block organization: you discuss all of the effects together as a block. 1. Block organization: you discuss all of the effects together as a block. 2. Chain organization: You discuss a 2. Chain organization: You discuss a first cause and its effect, a second cause first cause and its effect, a second cause and its effect, and a third cause and its effect, in a chain. and its effect, and a third cause and its effect, in a chain. Causes Effects Cause Effect Causes Effect

21. Block or Chain? It depends on the topic! It depends on the topic! If complex and interrelated (not easy to divide into cause and effect blocks), use chain cause organization. If complex and interrelated (not easy to divide into cause and effect blocks), use chain cause organization. In larger essays and when there is no direct cause and effect relationship, use block style. In larger essays and when there is no direct cause and effect relationship, use block style. In block organization, there is often a short paragraph that separates the ‘causes’ part from the ‘effects’ part. This is called a transition paragraph. In block organization, there is often a short paragraph that separates the ‘causes’ part from the ‘effects’ part. This is called a transition paragraph.

22. Cause and effect (Block Organization) The transition sentence can be placed at the beginning of the next paragraph or at the end of the previous one. The transition sentence can be placed at the beginning of the next paragraph or at the end of the previous one. See, p. 105 (step 1, 2 & 3) See, p. 105 (step 1, 2 & 3)

23. Chain Organization - One event causes a second event, which in turn causes a third event, which in turn causes a fourth event, and so,on. - One event causes a second event, which in turn causes a third event, which in turn causes a fourth event, and so,on. See model example p. 107. See model example p. 107.

24. Cause and Effect Structure Words Cause structure word: Cause structure word: - The first cause……………….. - The next reason………………… - Because of………………………. Effect structure words: - The first effect…………………… - As a result………………… - Therefore………………………….. * Learn to use different ones so that you don’t always use because or as a result in your sentence. See p. 108 & 109

25. Cause structure word: Cause structure word: For For Because Because AS AS Resulted from Resulted from Because of Because of The effect of The effect of Consequence of Consequence of The effect of The effect of As a result of As a result of As a consequence of As a consequence of

26. Effect structure words: As a result As a result As a consequence As a consequence Therefore, Therefore, Thus, Thus, Consequently, Consequently, Hence, etc. Hence, etc.

27. See Writing practice p. 113 See Writing practice p. 113

28. Essay Organization 4. Comparison and Contrast - This form of organization is used frequently in college work, and in business and the professions as well. - This form of organization is used frequently in college work, and in business and the professions as well. - You can compare and contrast different things, but you should observe that you compare and contrast things of like nature. Or the compare and contrast will not be valid: e.g (apples with bananas, not with pencils) - You can compare and contrast different things, but you should observe that you compare and contrast things of like nature. Or the compare and contrast will not be valid: e.g (apples with bananas, not with pencils) A comparison answers the question: A comparison answers the question: ‘What features do X and Y have in common?’ or ‘How X and Z are similar?’ A contrast answers the question, ‘What are the differences between X and Y’? Or, A contrast answers the question, ‘What are the differences between X and Y’? Or, ‘How are X and Y different?’ ‘How are X and Y different?’

29. Essay Organization 4. Comparison and Contrast Specific techniques to write good comparison and contrast essays: Specific techniques to write good comparison and contrast essays: 1. Appropriate use of comparison and contrast structure words. 2. Logical organization of the points of comparison and contrast. 3. See Model essay, p. 114 and answer the questions

30. Essay Organization 4. Comparison and Contrast There are words that introduce points of comparison and points of contrast. comparison and points of contrast. Comparison Structure Words: (table, p. 116)+ Examples+ (table, p. 116)+ Examples+ Practice 15 (Recognize Comparison Structure words.) Practice 15 (Recognize Comparison Structure words.) Practice 16 ( Use Comparison Structure words) Practice 16 ( Use Comparison Structure words) Contrast Structure Vocabulary Contrast (Concessive) Structure Words) Contrast (Concessive) Structure Words) (table, p. 119) + Examples (table, p. 119) + Examples Contrast (Strong Opposition) Structure Words. Contrast (Strong Opposition) Structure Words. (table + Examples (table + Examples Practice 17 (Recognizing Contrast Structure Words) Practice 17 (Recognizing Contrast Structure Words) Practice 18 (Using Contrast Structure Words) Practice 18 (Using Contrast Structure Words)

31. Comparison and Contrast Organization There are at least two ways to organize a comparison and contrast essay: There are at least two ways to organize a comparison and contrast essay: - Block organization: (All the similarities in one block (can be in more than one paragraph, and all the paragraphs in another block (which can be one or more paragraphs) – You need a transitional paragraph here! - Point by point organization With this type of organization, as you discuss each feature of Y, refer back to the same feature of X and use comparison and contrast structure vocabulary the same feature of X and use comparison and contrast structure vocabulary to show whether they are the same of different. to show whether they are the same of different. To compare two jobs for example, you might need to discuss points such as: salary, fringe, opportunities for advancement, workplace atmosphere. To compare two jobs for example, you might need to discuss points such as: salary, fringe, opportunities for advancement, workplace atmosphere. See model (1), p. 123 See model (1), p. 123 See model (2), p. 123. See model (2), p. 123.

32. Comparison and Contrast Organization Summary so far! 1. Arrange your points of comparison and contrast in logical order. Use either point- by- point or block organization. 2. Use enough comparison and contrast strucutre vocabulary to make points of comparison and contrast very clear.

33. Essay Organization (Comparison and Contrast) Choose one topic and discuss it in terms of comparison and contrast. Use either point-by- point or block organization Choose one topic and discuss it in terms of comparison and contrast. Use either point-by- point or block organization 1. Write your thesis statement at the top of your paper. 1. Write your thesis statement at the top of your paper. 2. Brainstorm by using one of the prewriting techniques that you prefer. (Use pre-writing activity) 2. Brainstorm by using one of the prewriting techniques that you prefer. (Use pre-writing activity) 3. Then, brainstorm for ideas to support each comparison and contrast in the second column. 3. Then, brainstorm for ideas to support each comparison and contrast in the second column. 4. Write an outline from your brainstorming activity. 4. Write an outline from your brainstorming activity. 5. Write your first rought draft from your outline. Be sure to use a variety of comparison and contrast structure words, and begin each paragraph with transition expression. 5. Write your first rought draft from your outline. Be sure to use a variety of comparison and contrast structure words, and begin each paragraph with transition expression. 6. Revise your rough draft as you have learned in Chapter 7. Check your final essay against the Essay Checklist on page 124. 6. Revise your rough draft as you have learned in Chapter 7. Check your final essay against the Essay Checklist on page 124. See topic suggestions, p. 124 See topic suggestions, p. 124

34. Review - There are four common patterns of essay organization in English you should have learned: - There are four common patterns of essay organization in English you should have learned: 1. Chronological order 2. Logical division of ideas 3. Cause and effect 4. Comparison and contrast. With each pattern you use special transition With each pattern you use special transition signals and structure words. signals and structure words. There are still other ways of essay organization. There are still other ways of essay organization. For long essay or term papers, you may need to use a combination of patterns. For long essay or term papers, you may need to use a combination of patterns.

35. Quiz Write an essay on one of the following topics using a suitable Write an essay on one of the following topics using a suitable Generation Gap Generation Gap University of Palestine University of Palestine Learning English as a Foreign Language Learning English as a Foreign Language Communication Revolution Communication Revolution How to write an essay How to write an essay Internet in the 21 st Century Internet in the 21 st Century You are required to show all steps on paper. You are required to show all steps on paper.-

36. Punctuation Punctuation

37. Punctuation (p. 253- p. 261) 1. Commas 1. Commas 2. Semicolons 2. Semicolons 3. Colons 3. Colons 4. Quotation marks 4. Quotation marks

38. Punctuation 1. Commas Commas functions as: Commas functions as: 1. Introducers 1. Introducers 2. Co-ordinators 2. Co-ordinators 3. inserters 3. inserters 4. linkers 4. linkers

39. Punctuation 1. Commas Commas functions as: Commas functions as: 1. Introducers: 1. Introducers: e.g. Recently, the legislature banned smoking in public places. e.g. Recently, the legislature banned smoking in public places. _______, (main clause). _______, (main clause). 2. Coordinator 2. Coordinator Many people opposed the new law, but it finally passed. Many people opposed the new law, but it finally passed. Main clause___ (coordinating conjunction)__ Main clause Main clause___ (coordinating conjunction)__ Main clause

40. Punctuation 1. Commas Commas functions as: Commas functions as: 3. Inserter: 3. Inserter: Smallpox, once a widespread disease, is under control. Smallpox, once a widespread disease, is under control. Main ----------------------------------------clause Main ----------------------------------------clause 4. Linkers: 4. Linkers: e.g. (1): The word color is spelled colour in British English, for example. e.g. (1): The word color is spelled colour in British English, for example. Main Clause-----------------------------, ----------------. Main Clause-----------------------------, ----------------. e.g. (2): Cecile speaks English, French, Spanish, and Italian. e.g. (2): Cecile speaks English, French, Spanish, and Italian. -----------, ---------, ---------, -----------, ---------, ---------,

41. Punctuation 1. Commas See p. 254 & 256 for words used for different kinds of commas See practice I, p. 255

42. Punctuation semi - colons The semi-colon is more like a period than a comma. The semi-colon is more like a period than a comma. It is used between: It is used between: 1. Between two sentences that are closely connected in idea. 1. Between two sentences that are closely connected in idea. e.g. Alice is going to Harvard; she isn’t going to M. I. T.

43. Punctuation semi - colons It is used between: It is used between: 2. Before conjunctive adverbs and some traditional phrases. 2. Before conjunctive adverbs and some traditional phrases. Skiing is dangerous; nevertheless, hundreds of people ski. Skiing is dangerous; nevertheless, hundreds of people ski.

44. Punctuation semi - colons 3. Between items in a series if the items already contain commas. 3. Between items in a series if the items already contain commas. See p. 257 See p. 257

45. Colons: 1. Lists 1. Lists 2. Long quotations 2. Long quotations 3. Subtitles 3. Subtitles 4. Time 4. Time 5. Formal salutations 5. Formal salutations

46. Quotation marks

47. Parallelism (p. 168) Using similar grammatical structures to balance your writing. Using similar grammatical structures to balance your writing. If the first structure is a noun, make all the others nouns; if it is an infinitive verb phrase, make all of the others infinitive verb phrases; if it is a dependent clause, make all of the others dependent clauses. If the first structure is a noun, make all the others nouns; if it is an infinitive verb phrase, make all of the others infinitive verb phrases; if it is a dependent clause, make all of the others dependent clauses. with conjunctions (And, Or, But) with conjunctions (And, Or, But) Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions

48. Sentence Problems 1. Sentence Fragments 1. Sentence Fragments 2. Choppy Sentences 2. Choppy Sentences 3. Run-On sentences and Comma Splices 3. Run-On sentences and Comma Splices 4. Stringy Sentences 4. Stringy Sentences

49. Sentence Problems: Sentence fragments (p. 171) Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences or parts of sentences. Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences or parts of sentences. (A complete sentence must contain at least one main or independent clause) (A complete sentence must contain at least one main or independent clause) See p. 171 See p. 171

50. Sentence Problems: Choppy Sentence Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short. They are the result for using too many simple sentences. Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short. They are the result for using too many simple sentences. Although simple sentences are quite effective sometimes, overuse of them is considered poor style in academic writing. Although simple sentences are quite effective sometimes, overuse of them is considered poor style in academic writing. See, p. 173. See, p. 173.

51. Sentence Problems: Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices (p, 175) A run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are written one after another with no punctuation. A run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are written one after another with no punctuation. A similar error happens when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction A similar error happens when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction N.B This kind of error is also called a comma splice. N.B This kind of error is also called a comma splice. Comma Splice means joining end to end. Comma Splice means joining end to end.