1. RAIR Lab John Licato licatj@rpi.edu Selmer Bringsjord Department of Cognitive Science Department of Computer Science Lally School of Management Rensselaer AI & Reasoning (RAIR) Lab Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Troy NY 12180 USA Selmer.Bringsjord@gmail.com RPI 2.1.12-1200NY

2. RAIR Lab Selmer Bringsjord Department of Cognitive Science Department of Computer Science Lally School of Management Rensselaer AI & Reasoning (RAIR) Lab Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Troy NY 12180 USA selmer@rpi.edu RPI 7.7.11-1200NY Soon moving to new digs in Winslow...

3. RAIR Lab Approach: Logic-based: AI & Computational CogSci Reasoning

4. Bringsjord, S. “Logic-Based/Declarative Computational Cognitive Modeling” in R. Sun, ed., The Cambridge Handbook of Computational Psychology (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 127–169. Preprint: http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/sb_lccm_ab-toc_031607.pdfhttp://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/sb_lccm_ab-toc_031607.pdf Bringsjord, S. (2008) “The Logicist Manifesto: At Long Last Let Logic-Based AI Become a Field Unto Itself” Journal of Applied Logic 6.4: 502–525. Preprint: http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/SB_LAI_Manifesto_091808.pdfhttp://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/SB_LAI_Manifesto_091808.pdf Two starting papers:

5. And for another introductory paper, some context.

6. Our Future Autonomous lethal robots on the battlefield. Autonomous “lethal” robots in our hospitals. Autonomous lethal robots in law enforcement....

7. A Problem If future robots behave immorally, we are killed, or worse.

8. Problem, More Specifically How can we ensure that the robots in question always behave in an ethically correct manner? How can we know ahead of time, via rationales expressed in clear English (and/or other natural languages), that they will so behave? How can we know in advance that their behavior will be constrained specifically by the ethics affirmed by ethically correct human overseers?

9. Bill Joy: “We can’t.” But: Bringsjord, S. (2008) “The Future Can Heed Us” AI & Society 22.4: 539–550. http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/Bringsjord_EthRobots_searchable.pdf SB: “We can.”

10. Another not-too-technical introductory paper, addressing this problem:

13. Betting the farm on one or two logical systems (e.g., FOL, propositional calculus)—or for that matter on a particular theory within a logical system (e.g. Game Theory, probability calculus). versus We know humans operate in ways that range across an infinite number of logical systems, so we need a formal theory, and a corresponding set of processes, that captures the meta-coördination of myriad logical systems. Important Aspect of Lab’s Approach: Avoid Limitations of Elementary Logic-Based R&D

14. The Space of Logical Systems FOL ZF Classical Mathematics Epistemic Logics Infinitary Logics Strength-Factor Logics Deontic Logics Visual Logics (Vivid, e.g.) Propositional Calculus (Slate, e.g.) (Cognitive Event Calculus, e.g.)... Aristotelian Logic Gödelian Incompleteness Description Logics...

15. FOL ZF Classical Mathematics Epistemic Logics Infinitary Logics Strength-Factor Logics Deontic Logics Visual Logics (Vivid, e.g.) Propositional Calculus (Slate, e.g.) (Socio-Cognitive Calculus, e.g.)... Aristotelian Logic Gödelian Incompleteness Description Logics... Background Logic } Inspired by Piaget’s 4+-stage view. Simon seemed to be starting to face up to the daunting reality shortly before his death.

16. FOL ZF Classical Mathematics Epistemic Logics Infinitary Logics Strength-Factor Logics Deontic Logics Visual Logics (Vivid, e.g.) Propositional Calculus (Slate, e.g.) (Socio-Cognitive Calculus, e.g.)... Aristotelian Logic Gödelian Incompleteness Description Logics... Background Logic } And all forms of reasoning formalizable via logic: deduction induction abduction analogical reasoning “creative” reasoning probabilistic reasoning...

17. Analogico-Deductive Reasoning Moral reasoning has a lot to do with analogical reasoning ADR: The combination of analogical and hypothetico-deductive reasoning

18. What is relevant – Do Fish Feel Pain? Me Fish Feels Pain Feels Pain Feels Pain Feels Pain ? Fish are like humans; therefore they feel pain like humans

19. They DO feel pain:They DO NOT feel pain: They are not conscious, and therefore cannot feel pain. They do not have nociceptors. They have nociceptors, specifically C fibres. Certain fish “grunt” when shocked, and respond to harmful chemicals by showing pain-avoidance behaviors. The reactions to painful stimuli are just automatic, involuntary reflexes; the fish brain does not have a neocortex. The pain-avoidance behaviors disappear when fish are given morphine.

20. Fourth Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Fourth Amendment: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Wiretapping homes? (Olmstead v. US) Yes; eavesdropping analogous to opening sealed letters An example from USSC Case Law (Weinreb 2005) No; only physical places and things count No; only physical places and things count Wiretapping phone booths? (Katz v. US) Yes; phone booth involves reasonable expectation of privacy No; no physical penetration nor tangible property taken Emails and the NSA? (…?)

23. Crowd-sourcing Uncomputable Problems

24. R&D Thrusts Engineer radically new system able to prove Gödel’s incompleteness theorems from scratch. For Air Force. Engineer the world’s first artificial conductor/educator: Handle; CAIRA. For National Science Foundation. Answer the biggest questions about AI and the human mind. E.g., “Can a computing machine grasp the infinite?” For John Templeton Foundation. Mini-robotics demonstration of X for military. Save the world by championing & engineering ethically correct warfighting robots. Introduce a new way of teaching programming that (unlike eg LOGO) produces cognitive transfer, and addresses the “STEM-dearth” problem. Engineering cognitively robust synthetic characters. IBM, Disney, … AI & Economics: A new form of LAI-based economics... NLP: Logico-mathematically intense; very technical. Formalizing physics => formalizing cancer-relevant biological processes. Embryonic.

25. RAIR Lab John Licato licatj@rpi.edu Selmer Bringsjord Department of Cognitive Science Department of Computer Science Lally School of Management Rensselaer AI & Reasoning (RAIR) Lab Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) Troy NY 12180 USA Selmer.Bringsjord@gmail.com RPI 2.1.12-1200NY