2. In the mid 1800’s millions came from Europe in hope of a better life.

4. Some lived in cities…

5. Others migrated west…

6. Immigration: Why did they leave ? PUSH FACTORS Population growth (overcrowding) Crop failures Religious and political turmoil

7. Immigration: Why did they come? PULL FACTORS Freedom of religion and speech Economic opportunity Abundant land

8. Nineteenth century artists, writers and poets laid the foundation for American arts and literature

9. The American Way of Life: Literature and Art Hudson River School Influenced by a style of European art called romanticism – American artists began to focus on peaceful landscapes of forests, mountains and rivers.

10. Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

11. Every person could be “saved” through revivals. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ

12. Evangelical It is a religious movement that de-emphasizes ritual and emphasizes the importance of the individual, requiring him or her to meet certain active commitments, including: 1. The need for personal conversion (or being "born again”) 2. A high regard for biblical authority 3. An emphasis on teachings that proclaim the saving death and resurrection of the Son of God, Jesus Christ 4. Living according to a literal interpretation of the Bible

13. The Mormons (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Joseph Smith (1805-1844)  1823  Golden Tablets  1830  Book of Mormon  1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL

14. Violence Against Mormons

15. The Mormon “Trek”

16. The Transcendentalists Transcend: to rise above… society’s problems

18. The Transcendentalist Agenda  abolish slavery  provide well-being to the poor and the miserable.  education for all  improve quality of health care  anti-war

19. Following One’s Conscience TRANSCENDENTALISM A philosophy that taught that the spiritual world was more important than the physical one. Thoreau taught about the importance of individual conscience, he urged people not to obey laws they considered unjust…

20. Civil Disobedience Can you think of any individuals who practiced civil disobedience to fight injustice?

21. Thoreau was not wrong… There would be many problems in this newly industrialized and ever growing country…several reform movements worked to improve American education and society reform movement: a group of people organized to improve what is bad or corrupt What are today’s reform movements? Who are today’s reformers?

22. Today’s issues

23. What problems existed in the 1800’s? American Society Women’s Rights Alcohol Abuse Care of the Mentally ill EducationSlavery

24. Who were the reformers?

25. What were their methods?

26. What did they accomplish? The Temperance Movement What is today’s temperance movement? A campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol

27. Annual Consumption of Alcohol

28. From the first glass to the grave, 1846

29. WHAT IF... 1. You could be beaten, severely, without any legal recourse. 2. You could not own property. 3. You had no right to your own inheritance. 4. You had no legal right to your children in the case of divorce 5. You could not own the copyright to your printed work 6. You could not get an education or choose a career. 7. If you did work, you could not keep your pay.

30. Education Reform A woman’s place…

31. You owe a debt of gratitude to these two:

32. Care for the mentally ill What do these two have in common?

34. Utopian Societies Attempts to create communities free from social problems

35. Principles: Gender equality Education for all Communal living Healthy lifestyle Transcendentalism and/or Religion

36. The Shakers

37. Shaker Simplicity & Utility

38. Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA George Ripley (1802- 1880)

39. The Abolitionists …none so famous as the one Lincoln referred to as the “little lady who started this whole mess…”

40. Others in the movement… Frederic Douglass Amelia Bloomer Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton The Grimke Sisters Sojourner Truth Lucretia Mott What do you notice about this group?

41. Ain’t I a Woman?

42. First things first…

43. The Birth of the Women’s Rights Movement Seneca Falls Convention 1848

44. WHO INTRIGUES YOU?

45. The Drunkards Progress. From the first glass to the grave. Step 1. A glass with a friend. Step 2. A glass to keep the cold out. Step 3. A glass too much. Step 4. Drunk and riotous. Step 5. The summit attained. Jolly companions. A confirmed drunkard. Step 6. Poverty and disease. Step 7. Forsaken by Friends. Step 8. Desperation and crime. Step 9. Death by suicide.