1. Human Muscles

2. Types of Muscle Cells  Skeletal (Voluntary, Striated) Muscle  these are muscles you control; the ones you exercise.  Smooth (Involuntary, Smooth) Muscle  these are muscles you cannot control  They work the inner parts of the body (viscera)  Cardiac Muscle (Involuntary, striated)  myogenic due to interconnections  These muscles of the heart do not get tired.

3. Types of Muscle Cells

4. Smooth Muscle Cells

5. Cardiac Muscle Cells

6. Skeletal Muscle Cells

7. Tissues in Skeletal Muscles 1. Skeletal muscle tissue 2. Connective Tissue Components 3. Nervous Tissue

8. Connective Tissue Components  Endomysium  Perimysium  Fascicles  Epimysium  Tendon

9. Tendon Pictures

10. Aponeurosis  Also may be formed from the three fibrous wrappings  may merge with the wrappings of another muscle.

11. Size and Shape of Fibers  Size: varies from large to small  Shape: varies  Broad: Latisimus dorsi  Narrow: Sartorius  Flat: Latisimus dorsi  Bulky: Gastrocnemius  Long: Sartorius  Circular: Orbicularis oris  Triangular: Deltoid

12. Shape: Broad  Latisimus dorsi

13. Shape: Narrow  Sartorius

14. Shape: Flat  Latisimus dorsi

15. Shape: Bulky  Gastrocnemius

16. Shape: Long  Sartorius

17. Shape: Circular  Orbicularis oris

18. Shape: Triangular  Deltoid

19. Fiber Arrangement Arrangement of SMF within the muscle, varies.  Parallel to long axis  Converge to narrow attachment  Oblique are slanted  Pennate – “think feather pen”  Bipennate  Curved

20. Parallel to long axis  Horizontal: Transversus abdominis

21. Vertical  Rectus abdominis

22. Converge to narrow attachment  Pectoralis major

23. Oblique are slanted  External oblique

24. Pennate – “think feather pen”  Vastus group

25. Bipennate  “two feathered”  Rectus femoris

26. Curved  Fibers are circular  Orbicularus oris

27. Attachment of Muscles-Joints  Most muscles attach articulating bones across a joint.  Upon contraction of the muscle, one bone remains in a fixed position and the other moves. Femur Pelvis

28. Attachment of Muscles- Origin  Origin  The point of attachment  that does not move during muscle contraction. Pelvis

29. Attachment of Muscles- Insertion  Insertion – the point of attachment that does move when the muscles contract. Femur

30. Attachment of Muscles-Contraction  Typically, when a muscle contracts, the insertion is moved closer to the origin.

31. ROLE OF MUSCLES, BONES, AND JOINTS IN MOVEMENT  Lever  any rigid bar free to move around a fixed point called a fulcrum  Lever system  Rigid bar - a bone  F = Fulcrum - joint  a point around which the rigid bar rotates  L = Load: Weight – resistance  something that is moved  P = Pull - Muscle contraction  force producing the movement

32. Muscle Groups  Muscles work together! Some muscles in a group contract while other relax.  Prime mover  Antagonist  Synergists  Fixator muscles

33. Prime Mover  A muscle or group of muscles which directly performs a specific movement.  Flexion of forearm  Biceps brachii is PM

34. Antagonist  When actively contracting,  they oppose the movement of the prime mover.  They are relaxed when the prime mover is contracting.  Flexion of forearm  T. brachii is anatagonist

35. Synergists  contract at the same time as the prime movers;  they complement the prime movers.  Flexion of forearm  brachialis is synergist

36. Fixator muscles  usually serve to stabilize joints. They help to maintain balance and posture during the contractions of the prime movers.

37. Naming of Muscles  Location  Function - named for what they do  Shape - shape of the muscle  Direction of fibers - orientation of fibers  Number of divisions or heads - connections  Points of attachment - what bones are attached to OR bone markings  Size - how big is the muscle relative to other muscles

38. Location brachialis - in the arm

39. Function - named for what they do  Adductor group  move leg toward the midline

40. Shape - shape of the muscle  deltoid - triangular muscle in the shoulder

41. Direction of fibers - orientation of fibers  rectus abdominus  rectus refers to up and down  Oblique  slanting  transversus

42. Number of divisions or heads – connections  biceps brachii

43. Points of attachment  What bones are attached to OR bone markings  Sternocleidomastoid

44. Size  how big is the muscle relative to other muscles  Gluteus maximus – in human beings, bigger than gluteus medius and minimus.