1. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 16.8 Enzyme Cofactors 1

2. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Function of Coenzymes Cofactors assist enzymes in catalytic activity may be metal ions that are bonded to one of the amino acid side chains or small organic molecules known as coenzymes 2

3. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Metal Ions as Coenzymes 3

4. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Water-Soluble Vitamins Water-soluble vitamins are essential for normal health and growth are soluble in aqueous solutions due to the presence of −OH and −COOH groups act as cofactors for many enzymes are not stored in the body and are easily destroyed by heat, oxygen, and ultraviolet light 4

5. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Water-Soluble Vitamins 5

6. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Vitamin C is required in collagen synthesis deficiency can lead to weakened connective tissue, slow-healing wounds, and anemia is found in blueberries, citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli, and red and green vegetables 6

7. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fat-Soluble Vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins, including A, D, E, and K, are soluble in lipids, but not in aqueous solutions important in vision, bone formation, antioxidants, and blood clotting stored in the body 7

8. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Fat-Soluble Vitamins 8

9. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Vitamin A The orange pigment in carrots is used to help synthesize vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, stored in the body and not eliminated. 9

10. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Check Identify each compound as a water-soluble vitamin or fat-soluble vitamin. A.Folic acid B.Retinol (vitamin A) C.Vitamin C D.Vitamin E E.Niacin 10

11. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Solution Identify each compound as a water-soluble vitamin or fat-soluble vitamin. A.Folic acidwater soluble B.Retinol (vitamin A)fat soluble C.Vitamin Cwater soluble D.Vitamin Efat soluble E.Niacinwater soluble 11

12. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Check Identify the vitamin associated with each: Thiamin (B 1 )Vitamin A Vitamin KVitamin D Ascorbic acid A. collagen formation B. absorption of phosphorus and calcium in bone C. vision D. blood clotting 12

13. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Solution Identify the vitamin associated with each: Thiamin (B 1 )Vitamin A Vitamin KVitamin D Ascorbic acid A.collagen formationAscorbic acid B.absorption of phosphorus and calcium in bone Vitamin D C.visionVitamin A D.blood clottingVitamin K 13

14. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Concept Map 14