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Published byMoses McLaughlin Modified over 9 years ago
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Movement Intelligence: A Vast Store of Motor Skills
Chapter 16 Sport Books Publisher
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Outline Movement Intelligence Motor Skills Characteristics of Skills
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Movement Intelligence
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An aggregate or vast repertoire of movement experiences developed since birth
Allows us to produce endless variety of skills Skills we posses are NOT static elements The ability to learn allows us to continually improve skills Sport Books Publisher
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Movement Intelligence: Unlocking Your Potential
In order to gain benefits of any PA, some degree of MI (movement intelligence) is necessary to unlock your potential Movement Intelligence Waking, running, and cycling may not be an attractive means of maintaining health and longevity. MI is necessary for the development of diverse skills. Movement Intelligence Sport Books Publisher
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Movement Intelligence and Motor Programs
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Motor Programs (MPs) Motor programs = movement plans
Developed when learning new skills Stored in memory Acquired as a result of learning and repetitive practice Through a formation of specialized nerve circuits in the central nervous system that work together when developing a movement plan for a new skill When developed and stored in memory, motor programs are a set of pre-structured muscle commands that allow the performer to carry out the skill automatically Sport Books Publisher
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Hypothetical example of coded motor programs assembled in an individual's motor memory or MI.
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Generalized Motor Programs(GMPs)
Still consists of a stored pattern of movements Parameters: specify such things as the order of events, the overall duration of the event, the overall force needed to accomplish the movement,and temporal patterning, a) stable: eg. relative time and relative force applied in each stroke during table tennis b) unstable: eg. speeding up the sequence of the movements and increasing overall force applied during forehand stroke Well-established GMPs form the basis for autonomic and spontaneous movements in sports and require a little or no attention and mental effort Sport Books Publisher
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Motor Programs and MI MI can be simply viewed as a vast store of motor programs Motor programs cannot be observed directly BUT can be inferred by observing the skills and movement patterns The larger the repertoire of motor programs the larger the MI store and the more proficient we are in playing sports, because of the larger selection MI is an active process; through practice we develop new motor plans and skills Sport Books Publisher
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Non-observable blueprint for skills
Larger MI (~CD) store = larger selection of motor programs (~Tracks) = more skills (~songs) and greater sport proficiency CD = movement intelligence Tracks = motor programs Non-observable blueprint for skills Observable side of the coin; the patterns we exhibit based on the motor programs present Songs = skills or movement patterns Sport Books Publisher
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Movement Intelligence and Movement Abilities
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Factors Affecting Movement Intelligence
Inherited Abilities Stimulation at early age Etc. MOVEMENT INTELLIGENCE Expert Instruction Practice Feedback Sport Books Publisher
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Movement Intelligence and Movement Abilities
Movement abilities: inherited, relatively enduring and stable traits which serve as the foundation stones for the development of motor programs The quality and effectiveness of motor programs depends upon the presence of underlying motor abilities Analogy: Movement Ability Skill Sport Books Publisher
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Multi-limb Coordination
Hypothetical model of links indicating abilities underlying performance in two skills, rowing and hockey Movement Abilities Reaction Time Movement Rate Motor Timing Multi-limb Coordination Explosive Strength Balance Hockey Player Sculler Sport Books Publisher
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Questions and Answers About Human Abilities
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How Many Abilities Are There?
26 identified by laboratory research + those yet to be identified Movement Abilities General Coordination Abilities Perceptual-motor Abilities Physical Proficiency Abilities Controlled precision Multi-limb coordination Response orientation Reaction time Speed of arm movement Rate control Manual dexterity Finger dexterity Arm-hand steadiness Wrist-finger speed Aiming Explosive strength Static strength Dynamic strength Trunk strength Extent flexibility Dynamic flexibility Gross body equilibrium Balance with visual cues Speed of limb movement Gross body coordination Stamina Movement rate Motor timing Perceptual timing Force control Sport Books Publisher
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How Many Abilities Do You Have?
All individuals posses all of the abilities listed, albeit to varying degrees For this reason, abilities (or lack of thereof) impose limits on individual skill performance No two persons have the same pattern of abilities Sport Books Publisher
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Why Do People Excel at Some Activities but Are Mediocre at Others?
It all depends on the pattern of strengths and weaknesses of one’s inherited motor abilities Having a low skill level at one activity does not mean having a low skill level in another activity Sport Books Publisher
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Who are the All-Around Athletes?
Many fundamental abilities are likely common across a variety of sports All-around athletes posses strong abilities that underlie the many sports in which they excel They have more high end abilities than normal individuals and therefore excel in more sports Sport Books Publisher
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Can Practice Improve Motor Abilities?
Human abilities are genetically determined However, intensive ability-specific practice may potentially improve motor abilities Example: research at the University of Toronto indicates that practice on Dynavision improves a variety of psychomotor abilities and performance Sport Books Publisher
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Lead-up Activities and Drills
Transfer to another target sporting activity e.g., passing, shooting, dribbling, and faking drills for soccer Improvement of basic abilities Quickening, balancing, perceptual exercises, etc. e.g., perceptual motor training Sport Books Publisher
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Motor Skills Sport Books Publisher
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How are skills characterized?
What are skills? How are skills characterized? What types of classifications of skills are there? Sport Books Publisher
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Skill as a Task Skill: “an action or task that requires voluntary body and/or limb movement to achieve a goal” In this context, a skill must be learned, have a purpose, and be performed voluntarily Example: catching a baseball Sport Books Publisher
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Skill as Quality of Performance
Skill: “the ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of energy, or of time and energy” Sport Books Publisher
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Maximum Certainty Being skilled involves attaining the performance with maximum certainty Obtaining performance outcome on some occasions and not on others is not a skilled action, because the element of luck may have been involved Generating the skill reliably over time Sport Books Publisher
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Minimization of Energy
Being able to minimize energy used to carry out an action constitutes a skilled performance Energy conserved: Can be used at times most needed Can be directed towards other aspects of activity (e.g., strategy, creativity) Allows pacing oneself for longer periods of time Sport Books Publisher
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Minimum Time Being able to perform a skill in minimum time
e.g., 100-metre race, slap shot However, minimizing time is not a strict goal of all movements e.g., speed of action accuracy e.g., speed of action affects energy costs by using muscles differently Sport Books Publisher
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Characteristics of Skills
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Hierarchical Organization
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A skilled act may be thought of as following a hierarchical organization pattern, whereas an unskilled act lacks such organization Sport Books Publisher
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A theoretical skill hierarchy
Executive Program Subroutine I Subroutine II Subroutine III Sub-subroutine I Sub-subroutine II Sub-sub-subroutine I Sub-sub-subroutine II Sub-sub-subroutine III Sport Books Publisher
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Rowing stroke skill hierarchy.
Catch Drive Finish Recovery Sub-subroutine I Hand and Finger Actions Body Movements Arm Actions Leg Actions Sport Books Publisher
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Executive Program The overall purpose of the act
1) acts as a goal 2) gives direction to skilled acts 3) orders the execution of certain subroutines 4) makes flexible decisions and adaptations Dependent upon the sequential execution of subroutines Sport Books Publisher
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Subroutines Isolated units of the total executive program
Fixed and will run off automatically once the sequence is established Capable of being repeated over and over again unless changed by the executive program Must follow particular sequence for the executive program to be effectively carried out Sport Books Publisher
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Temporal Patterning Sport Books Publisher
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Temporal patterning: the ability of the performer to integrate the sequential organization of a movement pattern Includes the ability to smoothly connect successive subroutines so that the skill may be executed in a flowing, coordinated fashion Inexperienced performer: jerky movement pattern because the timing between subroutines not established Experienced performer: transition between each subroutine is shorter and smoother Sport Books Publisher
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Classification of Skills
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A more comprehensive classification of motor skills:
Possible classification systems: team vs. dual vs. individual; summer vs. winter A more comprehensive classification of motor skills: According to the effects of environment on learning and executing skills Sport Books Publisher
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Closed Skills performed under constant, relatively unchanging conditions the movement form itself is often the goal of the skill e.g., gymnastics routines Sport Books Publisher
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Teaching Strategies for Closed Skills
Goal: stereotyped movements that consistently produce the desired response Strategy: learning environment structured so that the desired response will occur Repeating the selected movement pattern consistently without allowing external influences to affect the performance e.g., noise Use of kinesthetic and proprioceptive feedback especially effective Sport Books Publisher
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Open Skills Environments are continually changing and require performers to adjust and respond to the environment around them Responses cannot be made effectively far in advance Demand the capacity to adapt, anticipate, and be flexible in responses Sport Books Publisher
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Teaching Strategies for Open Skills
The learning environment should closely approximate the environment in which the skill will take place Learners should exercise variability and adaptability and different scenarios that approximate real environment Learners may be wise to identify patterns in the environment that provide information about the movement of objects and players Sport Books Publisher
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Open-Closed Continuum
Open skills Closed skills Sport Books Publisher
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Learning Progression For Open Skills Along the Open-Closed Continuum
Start learning with making the skill more closed (e.g., one pitch speed) Once a certain level of proficiency has been achieved, make the skill more open (e.g., live pitch) i.e., remove a component of uncertainty of the skill in order to simplify its overall execution Sport Books Publisher
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Enhancing Your Learning Potential
Clear understanding of: Anatomical structures in limiting human movements How the body moves most efficiently How the body develops over time Where our energy comes from How to maintain healthy, injury-free body Etc. Sport Books Publisher
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