2. Chapter 26 Properties of Light

3. Electromagnetic Waves Traveling, oscillating, electric and magnetic fields which are emitted by vibrating charges. The electric and magnetic fields carry energy. All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in vacuum. (i.e.the wave speed = the speed of light)

4. Typical Electromagnetic Wave

5. Michael Faraday & James Clerk Maxwell c 1831: Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic Induction. Faraday also introduces the field-line concept for electricity and magnetism. c 1865: James Clerk Maxwell develops mathematical relationships between electric and magnetic fields. Shows that all of electricity and magnetism are wave phenomena.

6. When Maxwell calculated the speed of these “Electro-magnetic” waves, he came up with the speed of light. The speed of light = constant in vacuum c  3.00 x 10 8 m/s= 300,000,000m/s electromagnetic wave in vacuum c = f

7. Note that everything you have learned about mechanical waves, with the exception of the need for a medium, also applies here to electromagnetic waves

8. Electromagnetic Spectrum RadioMicroI.R.VisibleU.V.X-ray  -ray 10 4 10 610 10 13 10 23 Hz

9. Visible Part of EM Spectrum red =700nm f red =4.29 x 10 14 Hz violet =400nm f violet = 7.50 x 10 14 Hz

10. Electromagnetic Spectrum

11. Transparent Materials When light is incident on a particular material, the electrons and atoms of the material begin to vibrate while the light propagates through the material.

12. If the frequency of the light matches the: –natural frequency of the electrons of the atoms in the material. then a resonant condition is established, and the light is absorbed. the vibrational frequencies of the atoms and molecules as a whole. OR

13. For example: Most glass is made up of atoms (Si and other elements). They possess electrons that have natural frequencies of vibration that closely match the frequency of ultra- violet (UV)light. (10 15 - 10 17 ) Hz

14. The larger atoms and molecules will vibrate at lower IR frequencies. So if IR is present, it will also be absorbed with the energy being dissipated as heat.

15. The visible radiation is sequentially absorbed, and then re-emitted from atom to atom. Eventually, the visible light passes through the entire piece of glass.

16. A state of resonance occurs for UV light. We say that the glass is transparent to visible light, but not to UV or IR.

17. Glass Visible light UV radiation UV & IR get absorbed Visible light is transmitted IR radiation

18. Diffraction Any bending of light by means other than reflection and refraction is called diffraction.

19. Light Source Wide Window

20. Light Source Narrow Slit Interference Pattern

21. Two or more slits – Diffraction Grating Light Source Interference Pattern Two or more slits

22. Thin Film Phenomena – Constructive and destructive Interference Water OIL Air

23. Polarization The alignment of the transverse waves.

24. Time delay between absorption and re-emission of visible light Medium Average speed Vacuum c = 3 x 10 8 m/s Water v = 0.75c Glass v = 0.67c Diamond v = 0.41c

25. Opaque Materials In Opaque materials, light is absorbed without re-emission. The energy of the light including visible, goes into the internal energy of the material – heating.

26. Metals are opaque but reflective. These free electrons are responsible for why metals make such good electrical and thermal conductors. Also, the light does not propagate from atom to atom as it does in a transparent material, but goes into reflection.

27. Shadows Light rays from the sun are essentially parallel Sharp shadow Large far away light source Small nearby light source Sharp shadow

28. Large nearby light source Penumbra (Partial shadow) Umbra (Total shadow)

29. Eclipses Sun Full Moon Not To Scale

30. Lunar Eclipse Sun Earth Moon Not To Scale

31. Solar Eclipse Sun Moon Earth Drawing Not To Scale SUN

32. Lunar Eclipse

33. Solar Eclipse

34. SOLAR ECLIPSE

35. The End of Chapter 25