1. Reading Comprehension in the United States How are students doing?

4. Warm-Up Questions What percentage of adults in the U.S. is functionally illiterate? What percentage of adults in the U.S. is functionally illiterate? 22%–25% 22%–25% When did American society begin to expect that everyone should be able to read? When did American society begin to expect that everyone should be able to read? In the 1920s, with the passage of compulsory public education laws In the 1920s, with the passage of compulsory public education laws What percentage of fourth-grade children score at the proficient level or above on the NAEP? What percentage of fourth-grade children score at the proficient level or above on the NAEP? 4 th -35% (2013) 4 th -35% (2013) p. 7

5. Warm-Up Questions (continued) What percentage of children referred to special education has learning disabilities involving reading and/or language? What percentage of children referred to special education has learning disabilities involving reading and/or language? Approximately 80%–85% Approximately 80%–85% How early can we identify potential reading problems? How early can we identify potential reading problems? Very early—in mid-kindergarten and sometimes earlier! Very early—in mid-kindergarten and sometimes earlier! p. 7

6. pp. 16-17 Five Essential Components of Reading Instruction Based on the Reading First program of NCLB (2001) Report of the National Reading Panel (NICHD, 2000); a meta-analysis of scientific studies Five Essential Components of Reading Instruction Based on the Reading First program of NCLB (2001) Report of the National Reading Panel (NICHD, 2000); a meta-analysis of scientific studies

7. The “Big Five” Phoneme awareness Phoneme awareness Phonics (decoding and word recognition) Phonics (decoding and word recognition) Reading fluency Reading fluency Vocabulary Vocabulary Reading comprehension Reading comprehension pp. 16-17

8. Good Reading Requires … Accurate Word Reading, Fluency, and Comprehension Accurate Word Reading, Fluency, and Comprehension Decoding Language Comprehension x PA Phonics Fluency Vocabulary Reading Comprehension 5 components 2 domains

9. Additional Components

10. Reading and Writing Achievement See handout; multidimensional model of literacy-related strengths and weaknesses (Lombardino, 2012) See handout; multidimensional model of literacy-related strengths and weaknesses (Lombardino, 2012)

11. The “Ingredients” of Language Beyond the five essential components of reading, there are multiple components of language that underpin reading ability The writing system and how it represents speech (orthography; ph= / f / ) The writing system and how it represents speech (orthography; ph= / f / ) The rules by which speech sounds are combined into words (phonology; e.g., no phth) The rules by which speech sounds are combined into words (phonology; e.g., no phth) The structure of words, word meanings, word relationships, expressions (morphology (-ous; ed; inter-; vis=see), vocabulary/semantics) The structure of words, word meanings, word relationships, expressions (morphology (-ous; ed; inter-; vis=see), vocabulary/semantics) Sentence structure (syntax) Sentence structure (syntax) Communication (receptive and expressive) in speech or writing (discourse) Communication (receptive and expressive) in speech or writing (discourse) Social conventions of language use (pragmatics) Social conventions of language use (pragmatics) The history and origin of words (etymology; Latin based, i= long e in curious) The history and origin of words (etymology; Latin based, i= long e in curious) p. 17

12. semantics pragmatics orthography syntax phonology etymology p. 17

13. Mapping State Proficiency Standards Onto NAEP Scales: Refer to the Refer to the Results From the 2013 NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments See Figure 1

14. Literacy Statistics and RI Literacy Statistics Literacy Statistics Handout: RI Snapshot Report Handout: RI Snapshot Report Achievement-Level Percentages and Average Score Reports Achievement-Level Percentages and Average Score Reports Student groupings in 2013 (see disaggregated results) Student groupings in 2013 (see disaggregated results) Conclusions Conclusions

15. What does this information suggest about instruction? What does this information suggest about instruction?