1. Introduction Chapter 1

2. Biosphere Ecosystem Florida coast Community All organisms on the Florida coast Population Group of brown pelicans Nucleus Nerve Spinal cord Cell Nerve cell Tissue Nervous tissue Organ Brain Organelle Nucleus Molecule DNA Atom Organism Brown pelican Organ system Nervous system Brain Life’s Levels of Organization

3. Discovery Science & Hypothesis-driven

4. Observations Questions Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Evaluate Peer Review Control Group Experimental Group Independent Variable Dependent Variable

5. refers to a treatment known to be without effect; usually used to compare against a potential effective medicine

6. What do all living things have in common ?

7. Order –Structure/Function –Basic building block: the CELL What do all living things have in common?

8. Regulation –Maintain homeostasis (stability during changing external conditions)

9. What do all living things have in common? Growth & Development Unique to every species

10. What do all living things have in common? Energy Utilization Take in energy & transform it to perform all life function

11. What do all living things have in common ? Respond –react to environmental stimuli

12. What do all living things have in common ? Reproduction –Continues the species as a whole (otherwise →extinction) –Is it necessary for the individual organism?

13. What do all living things have in common ? Evolution –Species’ capacity to change over time This is not an individual characteristic!

14. NUTRITION TRANSPORT RESPIRATION EXCRETION SYNTHESIS GROWTH & REPAIR REGULATION REPRODUCTION Every living thing must carry out these functions, but do they complete them in the same way? Can you define these terms scientifically?

15. If something is living, it will perform all of the Life Activities Do all organisms carry these activities out in the same way? Use your textbook or internet to help you define these activities in your own words.

17. to there Here

18. Two points: 1. Species arise through a process of descent with modification 2. Natural Selection Darwin Published his book:

19. Population with varied inherited traits 1 Elimination of individuals with certain traits 2 Reproduction of survivors 3

20. Heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others The best adapted survive to reproduce and pass on their “fit” genes.

23. Ecosystem Producers (such as plants) Sunlight Cycling of chemica l nutrient s Chemical energy Consumers (such as animals) Heat Flow of Energy

24. Delightful King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

25. Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanus

26. Cryphia muralis Cryphia algae Cryphia domestica Cryphia cuerva

27. SPECIES a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile, viable offspring in nature.

28. Canis familiaris More than 800 dog breeds exist. All part of the same species.

30. DELIGHTFUL KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP

31. 3 domains

33. “Super Kingdoms” Highest level of classification Least specific Eubacteria Archaeabacteria Eukarya Three Domains

35. ● LIVE IN UNUSUALLY HARSH ENVIRONMENTS ● Extremophiles, Prokaryotes ● This is the Proposed 6 th KINGDOM ◦ There are 3 types:  Salt-loving, heat/cold-loving & methane-loving

36. Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles

37. “common” bacteria Least like us Prokaryotes Peptidoglycan Cell Wall Some may have: –Slime Layers –Flagella –Pilli

38. Chains of membranous prokaryotic organelles in magnetotatic bacteria Acts like a compass needle Orients bacteria based on magnetic field!

42. Thanks Terri Lester for the awesome slides!

43. ●NOT a plant & CANNOT make their own food. NOT a scavenger ●examples include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms ●absorb decaying, digested food from the external environment

44. multicellular - possess chloroplasts and cell walls make their own food – PHOTOSYNTHESIS Reproduce sexually – can be asexual

46. The two main plant divisions are the bryophytes and the tracheophytes. moss sunflower

47. BRYOPHYTES the non-vascular plants low growing no “true” stems or leaves liverworthornwortmoss

48. TRACHEOPHYTES the vascular plants tall growing plants contain xylem for transport of water contain phloem for transport of sugar

49. ●multi-cellular organisms which ingest their food – HETEROTROPHS ●Most (not all) reproduce sexually

50. not classified contain genetic material (DNA) but lack cell structures only carry on the life function of reproduction BUT must have a host to be able to reproduce Debatable!! Papillomavirus Bacteriophages POLIO VIRUS

51. Bacteriophages

52. CategoryHumanChimpanzeeDandelionHousefly KINGDOMAnimalia PlantaeAnimalia PHYLUMChordata Tracheophy ta Arthropoda CLASSMamalia Angiosperm ae Insecta ORDERPrimate AsteralesDiptera FAMILYHominida e PongidaeComposita e Muscidae GENUSHomoPanTaraxacumMusca SPECIESHomo sapien Pan troglodytes Taraxacum officinale Musca domestica

54. ● Predominately unicellular organisms (with exceptions – colonial without tissue) ● Either plant-like, fungus-like or animal-like characteristics ● Ex: protozoans and some algae –true nucleus and nuclear membrane ● Classification of Protists: –Motile –Divided based on their means of LOCOMOTION Mode of Nutrition, or Life Cycle

55. Protists move about using flagella, cilia or pseudopods. Trypanosomes are human parasites that cause African sleeping sickness (transmitted by tsetse flies) Euglena are photosynthetic protists.

56. Paramecia and Stentor are common pond water organisms. These protists are food for many other organisms.

57. brain eating pond organism causes dysentery Amoeba proteus

58. DIATOMS are ocean dwelling protists that make up PLANKTON. PLANKTON is food for ocean dwelling organisms!

59. Animal-like Protists Often animal-like Protists are called PROTOZOA Live in fresh or salt water, in the soil, or in the bodies of other organisms No Cell Wall! Fungus-like Protist Heterotrophs with Cell Wall Reproduce through spores Mold & Mildew Plant-like Protists: Plant-like protists include algae, diatoms and many others They contain chloroplasts and are therefore AUTOTROPHIC Cell Wall present Important to the aquatic food chain

60. The Euglena: clipclip ●exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like characteristics ●contains chloroplasts, which are involved in PHOTOSYNTHESIS ●contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION ●autotrophic or heterotrophic depending on the availability of light

61. Kingdom Animalia

64. Heterotrophs –must ingest others for nutrients Multicellular –complex bodies No cell walls –allows active movement Sexual Reproduction –Most, not all… Evolved from colonial protists

65. Porifera Cnidari a Platyhelminthes sponges jellyfis h flatworms roundworm s Nematoda Mollusc a Arthropod a Chordata Annelid a Echinodermata mollusks multicellularity Ancestral Protist tissues bilateral symmetry body cavity segmentation coelom starfish vertebrat es endoskeleton segmented worms insects spiders specialization & ↑ body complexity specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue distinct body plan; cephalization ↑ body complexity ↑ digestive & repro sys ↑ digestive sys ↑ body size redundancy, specialization, ↑ mobility ↑ body & brain size, ↑ mobility radial bilateral Yellow boxes = examples © explore bio co.

66. Space for organ system development –increase digestive & reproductive systems increase food capacity & digestion increase gamete production Coelem –allows complex structures to develop in digestive system ex. stomach protostome vs. deuterostome

68. Examples: – Sponges Body Plan: no distinct tissues or organs [acoelomate] do have specialized cells Symmetry: Some are radial symmetric, some asymmetric Misc. sessile (as adults) Video

69. Examples: –Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral Body Plan: tissues, but no organs [acoelomate] two cell layers Symm: radial symmetry Misc. Predators extracellular digestion –release enzymes into gut cavity –absorption by cells lining gut Video Polyp v. Medusa

72. “Flatworms” – Examples: tapeworm, planaria – Misc. mostly parasitic – Body Plan bilaterally symmetrical have right & left & then have head (anterior) end & posterior end –cephalization = development of brain –concentration of sense organs in head –Incomplete digestive tract increase specialization in body plan acoelomate Video

73. “Roundworms” –Symm. bilaterally symmetrical –Body Plan pseudocoelom = simple body cavity digestive system – tube running through length of body (mouth to anus) –Misc. many are parasitic –hookworm C. elegans Video

74. Mollusks –Examples slugs, snails, clams, squid –Symm. bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions) –Body Plan soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells true coelem increases complexity & specialization of internal organs Video

75. Segmented worms – Examples: earthworms, leeches – Body Plan: segments increase mobility redundancy in body sections true coelem – Symm: bilaterally symmetrical Video

76. Example –Spiders, insects, crustaceans Misc. – most successful animal phylum Body Plan – bilaterally symmetrical – True Coelom – segmented specialized segments allows jointed appendages – exoskeleton chitin (carbohydrate) + protein Video Spide r

78. insects 6 legs, 3 body parts crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions Spider © Ex. Bio Co.

79. Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber –radially symmetrical as adults –spiny endoskeleton –deuterostome Video

80. Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Which group is the sponges? Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? Which two groups have radial symmetry? What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? Which group has no symmetry? Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata © Explore Bio Co.

81. Features –Dorsal, hollow nerve cord –Notochord –Pharyngeal slits –Post-anal tail Most (not all) are VERTEBRATES –Ex. of invertebrates chordates: tunicates and lancelets Segmented backbone Cartilaginous rod for support for the body tunicate video

83. Examles –fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Body Plan: –internal bony skeleton [endoskeleton] –backbone encasing spinal column –skull-encased brain Development –deuterostome © Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education

84. Characteristics –body structure bony & cartilaginous skeleton jaws & paired appendages (fins) scales –body function gills for gas exchange two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation Ectotherms: control body heat externally –reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg salmon, trout, sharks 450 mya gill s body Flying Fish Video © Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education

85. Evolution of tetrapods four limb vertebrates Tibi a Femu r Fibul a Humeru s Shoulde r Radiu s Uln a Tibi a Femu r Pelvi s Fibul a Lobe-finned fish Humeru s Shoulde r Radiu s Uln a Pelvi s Early amphibian © Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education

86. lun g buccal cavity glottis closed Characteristics –body structure legs (tetrapods) moist skin –gas exchange –body function lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange three-chambered heart; veins from lungs back to heart ectotherms –reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg metamorphosis (tadpole to adult) frogs salamanders toads 350 mya lungs body heart Bull frog video © Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education

87. Characteristics –body structure dry skin, scales, armor –body function lungs for gas exchange thoracic breathing; negative pressure three-chambered heart ectotherms –reproduction internal fertilization external development in amniotic egg 250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile embryo leathery shell chorion allantois yolk sac amnion lungs body heart Crocodile Video © Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education

88. Characteristics –body structure feathers & wings thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton –body function very efficient lungs & air sacs four-chambered heart endotherms –reproduction internal fertilization external development in amniotic egg 150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey trachea anterio r air sacs lung posterio r air sacs lungs body heart Bald Eagle

89. muscles contract diaphragm contracts Characteristics –body structure hair specialized teeth –body function lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure four-chambered heart Endotherms –[internal control over body temperature] –reproduction internal fertilization internal development in uterus –nourishment through placenta birth live young mammary glands make milk 220 mya / 65 mya mice, ferret elephants, bats whales, humans lungs body heart Elephant Video © Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education

90. Sub-groups –monotremes egg-laying mammals lack placenta & true nipples duckbilled platypus, echidna –Marsupials videovideo pouched mammals –offspring feed from nipples in pouch short-lived placenta koala, kangaroo, opossum –placental true placenta –nutrient & waste filter shrews, bats, whales, humans © Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education

91. Genus species italics - typed Underline - handwritten © Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education

92. Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals? © Explore Bio Co. and Pearson Education