1. The Cold War
A28
7.4.2

2. GUIDING QUESTION
Why did relations between the United States and the Soviet Union devolve into a Cold War after the Second World War?
(derived from 1996)

3. GUIDING QUESTION Europe, Asia, Middle East, Latin America.
Analyze the success and failures of the United States Cold War policy of containment during the period in the following:
Europe, Asia, Middle East, Latin America.
(from 2004)

4. GUIDING QUESTION
Compare and contrast US foreign policy after the First World War and the Second World War. Consider the periods of and
(2002)

5. War Aims and Postwar Diplomacy
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
War Aims and Postwar Diplomacy

6. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
Basic incompatibility of economic and political systems
History of discord and mistrust
Western response to Bolshevik Revolution
US recognition of the Soviet Union
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

7. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
WWII Alliance of Britain and U.S. with Soviet Union was pragmatic “marriage of convenience” to defeat Germany
Lack of trust of Stalin.
unified wartime command
atomic bomb
Soviets believed western allies not sharing load
Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeans during WWII

8. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: Wartime Diplomacy
“Big Three” Allied leaders were consistently unable to resolve their basic disagreements over the structure of post-war Europe
Tehran Conference (November 1943)
U.S. and Britain would open a second front within six months
Allies would create a post-war international organization
Description: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill on portico of Russian Embassy in Teheran, during conference--Nov. 28 -Dec. 1, 1943.eywords: Credit: Library of Congress
Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill at Tehran, 1943

9. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy
Yalta Conference (January-February 1945)
Loose set of principles that avoided the most divisive issues.
Division of Germany (and Berlin) into four “zones of occupation”; Reunification of Germany at a future date; process not specified
Soviets would enter Pacific war within 3 months after Germany had been defeated
United Nations
Poland – free elections at some unspecified date after the war
wadsworth
“the holding of free and unfettered elections as soon as possible on the basis of universal suffrage and secret ballot"
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February 1945

10. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy
San Francisco Conference - United Nations Formed (April 1945)
Security Council
11 members
Permanent seats with veto power for U.S., Britain, France, China and USSR
General Assembly
Secretariat
Secretary-General
International Court of Justice

11. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : Wartime Diplomacy
Potsdam Conference (July-Aug. 1945)
Reparations: Stalin allowed to take % of West German industry
Nazi leaders: to be tried as war criminals at Nuremberg
Poland: Free elections
Japan: Unconditional surrender
Korea: to be temporarily divided
Truman’s attitude
Atomic bomb
Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam

12. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: Causes of Cold War
Soviets the main cause (Original U.S. view)
Aggressive policies of expansion (in eastern Europe) and violation of Yalta agreements
U.S. the main cause (Revisionist interpretation)
By insisting that entire world be open to American trade and influence (capitalist expansionism & internationalism)
Neither/Both the cause (post-revisionist interpretation)
Two most powerful nations in world bound to clash
Through ignorance and misconceptions, both countries helped to create an atmosphere of tension and suspicion that touched off the Cold War
Could the Cold War have been avoided? How?

13. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE

14. GUIDING QUESTION
Analyze the success and failures of the United States Cold War policy of containment during the period in Europe.
(from 2004)

15. B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE
President Harry S Truman
Poland
Soviet “satellites”       
"Iron Curtain" - Churchill (March 1946)
Containment Doctrine
George Kennan (more economic/diplomatic than military)
Truman Doctrine (1947) Greece & Turkey
Significance (end isolationism, Korea, Vietnam)
Churchill & Truman,
"Iron Curtain Speech,"
March 5, 1946
(Harry S. Truman Library)
Iron Curtain: Churchill and Truman, "Iron Curtain Speech," March 5, 1946 On March 5, 1946, former British prime minister Winston S. Churchill (1874–1965) delivered a speech, which he intended for a worldwide audience, at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. President Harry S. Truman (right) had encouraged Churchill (seated) to speak on two themes: the need to block Soviet expansion and the need to form the Anglo-American partnership. Always eloquent and provocative, Churchill denounced the Soviets for drawing an "iron curtain" across eastern Europe. This speech became one of the landmark statements of the Cold War [American Journey Online]
Roark, American Promise 3e from
George Kennen
(Copyright 1997 State Historical Society of Wisconsin

16. B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE
The Marshall Plan (1947)
George C. Marshall
National Security Act of 1947
Atomic Energy Commission
Department of Defense
Central Intelligence Agency
National Security Council
Carnes & Garrity The American Nation 12e

17. B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE
Berlin Blockade (June 1948)
new West German Republic
Berlin Airlift (June 1948-summer 1949)
Airlift Map - Divine America Past and Present
Cold War Division Germany map - Kennedy, American Pageant 13e [History Companion CD]
Divided Berlin Map - Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.;
Berlin Airlift Begins. AP/Wide World AMJOL
Cold War Division of Germany

18. B. TRUMAN AND CONTAINMENT IN EUROPE
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (April 1949)
Purpose
significance
Warsaw Pact (1955)
Martin, America and Its Peoples 5e

19. "trouble spots" appeared - map from Time Magazine, May 1945

20. THE COLD WAR IN ASIA

21. GUIDING QUESTION
Analyze the success and failures of the United States Cold War policy of containment during the period in Asia.
(from 2004)

22. THE COLD WAR IN ASIA Chinese Civil War (1927-1950)
U.S. Ambassador Patrick Hurley, Chiang Kai-shek & Mao Zedong, 1945
Chinese Civil War ( )
Nationalists (Kuomintang) - Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)
Communists - Mao Zedong
Truman administration “loses” China (1949)
Taiwan
“one China” policy
Soviet A-bomb (Aug. 1949)
NSC-68 (April 1950)
Soldiers of the victorious People’s Liberation Army entering Beijing, June 1949.
Chang, Mao -
People’s Liberation Army – Wikipedia
Map Chinese Civil War - Carnes & Garrity The American Nation 12e
Martin, America and Its Peoples 5e
Communist Revolution in China

23. THE COLD WAR IN ASIA Korean War (1950-1953)
Gen. Douglas MacArthur - The Martin letter
Cold War significance
Maps: Brinkley 10e
Korean War - Phases 1 & 2 (June-November 1950)
Korean War Phases 3 & 4 (Nov April 1951)

24. Korean War American troops advancing in Korean War
Description: Fighting with the 2nd Inf. Div. north of the Chongchon River, Sfc. Major Cleveland, weapons squad leader, points out Communist-led North Korean position to his machine gun crew. November 20,1950. Pfc. James Cox.
Fighting with the 2nd Inf. Div. north of the Chongchon River, Sfc. Major Cleveland, weapons squad leader, points out Communist-led North Korean position to his machine gun crew. Nov. 20, 1950 > > >

25. Asia After World War II
J. Jones, P. Wood, et al, CREATED EQUAL: A Social and Political History of the US,

26. COLD WAR IN ASIA: IMPACT OF THE KOREAN WAR
Soviets UN
Asia
Japan
Vietnam
U.S. (at home)
Pojer
U.S. Defense Spending,
(in constant 1975 dollars)

27. COLD WAR IN ASIA & THE ENTIRE PLANET
Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb)
Mushroom cloud from hydrogen bomb on Bikini atoll

28. DOMESTIC POST-WAR ADJUSTMENTS

29. "Saturday afternoon street scene"
"Saturday afternoon street scene“, Welch, W. Va., August 1946
"Saturday afternoon street scene" By Russell Lee, Welch, McDowell County, West Virginia, August 24, 1946 National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Solid Fuels Administration
for War

30. DOMESTIC POST-WAR ADJUSTMENTS
Reconversion
Election of 1948
Nash, The American People 6e;
Election- Brinkley 10e
Dewey Defeats Truman -
Presidential Election of 1948

31. FIGHTING COMMUNISM AT HOME
The Red Scare and McCarthyism

32. THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM
Loyalty checks (begun in 1947)
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
“The Hollywood 10”
H10 with lawyers. Am Journey online
Hollywood Ten (with lawyers)

33. THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM
Alger Hiss
Whittaker Chambers
Richard M. Nixon
President Truman shakes the hand of Alger Hiss, UN Conference, June 1945
Chambers Makes Sensational Charges in Hiss Case. Acme. 1948
Chambers Makes Sensational Charges in Hiss Case. Chambers now renounced the communist movement and went public with his accusations against Hiss, shown at center listening to Chambers's testimony. Acme. 1948
A smiling President Harry S. Truman ( ) shakes the hand of Alger Hiss ( ) on June 16, 1945, at a conference in San Francisco, California, to inaugurate the new United Nations.  Hiss, a State Department diplomat, helped organize the United Nations.  AP/Wide World. AMJ OL
Alger Hiss ( ), seen sitting here to the right of his attorney William Marbury, was a former State Department diplomat who had been accused of spying for the Soviet Union.  Before sessions of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1948, Hiss denied charges by a journalist and former communist, Whittaker Chambers ( ), that he had spied for the USSR. AMJOL Hiss Called to Testify before House Committee. Acme AMJOL
Here, Nixon, at right, carefully analyzes microfilm that had been dramatically removed from a hollowed-out pumpkin in a patch on the Maryland farm of Hiss's accuser, Time magazine editor Whittaker Chambers ( ), an admitted former member of the Communist Party.  Nixon had plenty to view through his magnifying glass.  The microfilm contained copies of documents that Chambers alleged Hiss had stolen from the State Department in the late 1930s and turned over to him as part of the communist espionage conspiracy.  A jury later concluded that the type on some of the documents matched Hiss's typewriter. Nixon Pursues Hiss. UPI AMJOL
Hiss Called to Testify before HUAC, 1949
Nixon Pursues Hiss

34. THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM
McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
Klaus Fuchs
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
(convicted of nuclear espionage in 1951)
Julius Rosenberg ( ) is shown here emerging from a federal van after his conviction for espionage in 1951.  Julius Rosenberg Faces Death Penalty for Espionage. UPI. 1951
Ethel Rosenberg ( ), shown on the left being escorted by deputy marshal Sally Goldstein to another day in her federal espionage trial Ethel Rosenberg Faces Same Fate as Her Husband. UPI AMJOL
Ethel Rosenberg left being escorted to another day in her federal espionage trial
Julius Rosenberg emerging after his conviction for espionage in 1951

35. THE RED SCARE AND McCARTHYISM
Joseph McCarthy (Feb. 1950)
Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Joseph McCarthy ( ) is shown here pointing to a map to bolster his supposed case of an "immense" communist conspiracy to undermine the United States from within.  McCarthy at Map. UPI AMJOL
McCarthy demonstrating Communist subversion in the U.S., 1950
Joseph McCarthy and Aide Roy M. Cohn. 1954

36. Bomb Shelter
"Fallout shelter built by Louis Severance adjacent to his home near Akron, Mich., includes a special ventilation and escape hatch, an entrance to his basement, tiny kitchen, running water, sanitary facilities, and a sleeping and living area for the family of four. The shelter cost about $1,000. It has a 10-inch reinforced concrete ceiling with thick earth cover and concrete walls. Severance says, 'Ever since I was convinced what damage H-Bombs can do, I've wanted to build the shelter. Just as with my chicken farm, when there's a need I build it." By an unknown photographer, ca National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (397-MA-2s-160)

37. Duck and Cover
Duck and Cover. Unknown AJOL

38. Films Reflect Cold War Themes?
Such movies often focused on bodies being taken over by outside forces; otherwise-normal people were actually alien beings bent on destruction, forcing average Americans to flee for their lives, as in this scene from Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)

39. FOREIGN AFFAIRS UNDER EISENHOWER

40. FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
John Foster Dulles
“roll back”
massive retaliation
brinkmanship
“more bang for the buck”
Eisenhower and Dulles Confer. UPI AMJOL
Eisenhower and Dulles Confer. 1954

41. Thirty-eighth parallel Ho Chi Minh Dien Bien Phu Geneva Accords
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
Thirty-eighth parallel
Ho Chi Minh
Dien Bien Phu
Geneva Accords
Ngo Dinh Diem
Ike Greets Diem. United States Air Force [both - Am Journey Online]
Ike Greets Diem, 1957

42. Zionists Shah of Iran Gamal Abdel Nasser Suez Crisis
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
Zionists
Shah of Iran
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Suez Crisis
Israel, the Middle East and the Suez Crisis, 1956

43. Fidel Castro third World
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
Fidel Castro
third World
Fidel Castro at Harvard 1959
Fidel Speaks. AP/Wide World American Journey Online
Nikita S. Khrushchev and Fidel Castro. United Nations AJO
Nikita S. Khrushchev and Fidel Castro. United Nations. 1960

44. Hungarian Revolution Nikita Khrushchev U-2
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
Hungarian Revolution
Nikita Khrushchev
U-2 U
Description: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and wives at a state dinner in Keywords: Soviet Union Credit: National Archives and Records Administration. High-Flying U-2. Unknown [AJO]
Soviets Trumpet Shooting Down of U-2 Spy Plane. UPI ajo
U-2 Pilot Francis Gary Powers at Congressional Hearing after release in exchange for Soviet spy. Unknown ajo
U-2 Pilot Francis Gary Powers at Hearing. 1962
Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and wives at a state dinner in 1959.

45. “military-industrial complex”
FOREIGN AFFAIRS in the 50s: CONTAINMENT WITH AN AWARENESS OF LIMITATIONS
“military-industrial complex”
Kenslea;

46. GUIDING QUESTION
How and for what reasons did U.S. foreign policy change between 1920 and 1941?
(To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920s and 1930s?)
(2004B DBQ)

47. GUIDING QUESTION
To what extent did the Second World War bring about lasting change in the American society, economy and government?

48. Sources National Archives and Records Administration
American Journey Online
Teaching Politics–Rutgers U. &
Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10e & 11e [Instructors Resource]
Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.;
Divine, America Past and Present Revd 7th Ed.
Cayton, America: Pathways to the Present (2003)
Nash, The American People 6e,
Roark, American Promise 3e from
J. Jones, P. Wood, et al, Created Equal:,
Kennedy, American Pageant 13e [History Companion CD]