1. Module 7
Sleep and Dreams

2. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS
Different states
Consciousness
refers to different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings
Continuum of consciousness
refers to a wide range of experiences, from being acutely aware and alert to being totally unaware and unresponsive

3. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Different states
Controlled processes
activities that require full awareness, alertness and concentration to reach some goal
Automatic processes
activities that require little awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing activities
Daydreaming
activity that requires low level of awareness, often occurs during automatic processes, and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake

4. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Different states
altered states
result from using any number of procedures, such as meditation, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, or sleep deprivation, to produce an awareness that differs from normal consciousness

5. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Different states
Sleep and dreams
Sleep
consists of five stages that involve different levels of awareness, consciousness, and responsiveness
Dreaming
unique state of consciousness in which we are asleep but experience a variety of astonishing visual, auditory, and tactile images often connected in strange ways and often in color

6. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Unconscious and Implicit Memory
Freud’s theory, when we are faced with very threatening wishes or desires, especially if they are sexual or aggressive
defend self-esteem by placing these thoughts in the unconscious
cannot voluntarily recall unconscious thoughts
Implicit or Nondeclarative Memory
learning without awareness
occurs in emotional situations or in acquiring habits

7. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT.)
Unconscious
can result from disease, trauma, a blow to the head, or general medical anesthesia
results in total lack of sensory awareness and complete loss of responsiveness to one’s environment

8. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING
Biological clocks
biological clocks are internal timing devices that are genetically set to regulate various physiological responses for different periods of time
Circadian rhythm
refers to a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of 24 hours

9. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)
Location of biological clocks
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
part of hypothalamus
lies in the lower middle of the brain
regulates sleep-wake cycle
highly responsive to change in light

10. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)

11. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)
Location of biological clocks
interval timing clock
can be started and stopped like a stopwatch
gauges the passage of seconds, minutes, or hours
helps creatures time their movements, such as knowing when to start or stop doing some activity
located in the basal ganglia
food-entrainable circadian clock
midnight snack clock
regulates eating patterns in people and animals
might be responsible for late night eating
obese people might have an abnormality in their clock

12. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT.)
Circadian problems and treatments
accidents
jet lag
resetting clock
melatonin

13. WORLD OF SLEEP Stages of sleep
distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain and accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different phases of sleep
Alpha stage
feeling of being relaxed and drowsy, usually with the eyes closed

14. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep
where you spend approximately 80% of your sleep time
divided into 4 stages
identified by particular pattern of brain waves and physiological responses
begin with stage 1 and gradually enter stages 2, 3, and 4

15. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep Stage 1 sleep
transition from wakefulness to sleep that lasts 1-7 minutes
gradually lose responsiveness to stimuli and experience drifting thoughts and images
presence of theta waves

16. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep Stage 2 sleep
beginning of what we know as sleep
high-frequency bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles
muscle tension, body temperature and heart rate gradually decrease
more difficult to be awakened

17. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) Non-REM sleep Stages 3 and 4
also called slow wave or delta sleep
waves of very high amplitude and very low frequency (delta waves)
stage 4 is often considered the deepest stage of sleep
most difficult to be awakened from
heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to the brain are reduced
marked secretion of growth hormone (GH),
controls levels of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development

18. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.) REM sleep
makes up the remaining 20% of your sleep time
stands for “rapid eye movement”
eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids
pass into REM sleep about five or six times throughout the night with about 30 to 90 minutes between periods
REM sleep remains for about 15 to 45 minutes then passes into non-REM sleep

19. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT.)

20. QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP According to a national survey
16% of adults sleep less than 6 hours
24% sleep hours
31% sleep hours
26% sleep 8 or more hours
average: 6.9 hours a night

21. QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP Why do I sleep? repair theory
activities during the day deplete key factors in our brain or body that are replenished or repaired by sleep
primarily a restorative process
adaptive theory
sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators

22. WORLD OF DREAMS Theories of dream interpretation
Freud’s theory of dream interpretation
we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression
“censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by transforming our secret, guilt-ridden and anxiety-provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and do not disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts

23. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.) Theories of dream interpretation
Extensions of Waking Life Theory
dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we have when awake
Activation-Synthesis Theory
dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down
sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought patterns that we call dreams

24. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.) Typical dreams What do people dream about?
several characters
involve motion
take place indoors more often than out
visual sensation, but rarely sensations of taste, smell, or pain
seem bizarre, may include flying or falling without injury
may be recurrent (dreams of being threatened, pursued, or trying to hide)

25. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT.) Typical dreams
involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or happiness
rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual intercourse
rarely can we control or dream about something we intend to dream about
dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color in sighted people
blind people from birth, dream in tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste), not visual

26. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS
Insomnia
difficulties in either going to sleep or staying asleep through the night
associated with daytime complaints:
fatigue
impairment of concentration
memory difficulty
lack of well-being

27. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Nondrug treatment
go to bed only when sleepy
put light out immediately
do not read or watch TV
if not asleep in 20 minutes, get out of bed and relax in another room until tired again
repeat step 4 as often as required
set alarm for same time each morning
do not nap during the day
follow program rigidly for several weeks
Drug treatment

28. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Drug treatment
Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril)
reduce anxiety, worry, and stress
effective in moderate dosages in short term (2-4 weeks) treatment
prolonged use in higher dosages may lead to dependence
Nonbenzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta)
rapidly becoming popular
fast acting
reduce daytime drowsiness
fewer cognitive side effects
less likely to lead to dependence

29. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Sleep Apnea
repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer
may repeatedly stop breathing, momentarily awake, and then resume sleep
results in insomnia, and exhaustion during the day
Narcolepsy
chronic disorder that is marked by excessive sleepiness
form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout the day
accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss of muscle control (cataplexy)
triggered by emotional change

30. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Night Terrors
occur in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
frightening experiences that often start with a piercing scream
followed by sudden awakening in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate
usually no memory of experience in the morning
Nightmares
occur during REM sleep
very frightening and anxiety-producing images occur
involve great danger
upon awakening, person can describe nightmare in great detail

31. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT.)
Sleepwalking
occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
getting up and walking while literally sound asleep
have poor coordination
clumsy but can avoid objects
can engage in limited conversation
no memory of sleepwalking