1. Module 7
Sleep and Dreams

2. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS
Different states
Consciousness
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Continuum of consciousness
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Different states
Controlled processes
require _________, alertness, and concentration to reach some goal; usually interfere with execution of other ongoing activities
Automatic processes
require little awareness, take minimal attention, and don’t interfere with other ongoing activities
Daydreaming
requires low level of awareness, often occurs during automatic processes, and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake

4. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Different states
Altered states
Result from using any number of procedures, such as meditation, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, or sleep deprivation, to produce an awareness that differs from normal consciousness
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Sleep and dreams
Sleep
consists of __________ stages that involve different levels of awareness, consciousness, and responsiveness as well as different levels of physiological arousal
________________________________________________________________________________
Dreaming
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Unconscious and implicit memory
Freud’s theory, when we’re faced with very threatening wishes or desires, especially if they’re sexual or aggressive
Defend self-esteem by placing these thoughts in the unconscious
Can’t voluntarily recall unconscious thoughts
Implicit or nondeclarative memory
Learning without awareness
Occurs in emotional situations or in acquiring habits

7. CONTINUUM OF CONCIOUSNESS (CONT’D)
Unconscious
Can result from ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Results in total lack of ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING
Biological clocks
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Circadian rhythm
Refers to a biological clock that’s genetically programmed to regulate ________________________ responses within a time period of 24 hours

9. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)
Location of biological clocks
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
part of hypothalamus
lies in the lower middle of the brain
regulates a number of circadian rhythms
regulates sleep-wake cycle
highly responsive to change in light

10. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)

11. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)
Interval timing clock
can be ____________________ like a stopwatch
gauges the passage of seconds, minutes, or hours
helps creatures time their movements, such as knowing when to start or stop doing some activity
located in the ___________________________
Food-entrainable circadian clock
“midnight snack” clock
regulates ________________ in people and animals
obese people might have an abnormality in their clock (located in hypothalamus)

12. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)
Circadian problems and treatments
Shift workers
can result in decreased performance in cognitive and motor skills
sleep-wake clocks have prepared bodies for sleep (means workers feel sleepy, are less attentive and alert, and are often in a lousy mood)
Jet lag
experience of fatigue, lack of concentration, and reduced cognitive skills
occurs when travelers’ biological circadian clocks are out of step or synchrony with the external clock times at their new location

13. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)
Circadian problems and treatments
Resetting clock
light therapy:
use of bright artificial light to reset circadian clocks and combat the insomnia and drowsiness that plague shift workers and jet lag sufferers
helps people with sleeping disorders in which the body fails to stay in time with the external environment

14. RHYTHMS OF SLEEPING & WAKING (CONT’D)
Circadian problems and treatments
Melatonin
hormone secreted by the ________ (oval-shaped group of cells in the center of the brain)
melatonin secretion __________ with darkness and decreases with light
suprachiasmatic nucleus; regulates the secretion of melatonin
plays role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and in promoting sleep

15. WORLD OF SLEEP Stages of sleep
Distinctive changes in the _________________ of the brain and accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different phases of sleep
Alpha stage
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)
Non-REM sleep
Where you spend approximately _______ of your sleep time
Divided into ______ stages, identified by particular pattern of brain waves and physiological responses
Begin with stage 1 and gradually enter stages 2, 3, and 4

17. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)
Non-REM sleep
Stage 1 sleep
transition from _______________ that lasts one to seven minutes
gradually lose _______________ to stimuli and experience drifting thoughts and images
presence of _________________________

18. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)
Non-REM sleep
Stage 2 sleep
beginning of ______________________________
high-frequency bursts of brain activity called ___________________________________________________
muscle tension, body temperature, and heart rate gradually ________________________________
more difficult to be ________________________

19. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)
Non-REM sleep
Stages 3 and 4
also called _____________ or ___________ sleep
waves of very high amplitude and very low frequency (delta waves)
stage 4 is often considered the _________ stage of sleep; most ___________ to be awakened from
heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to the brain are _____________________
marked secretion of ______________ (GH), which controls levels of metabolism, physical growth, and brain development

20. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)
REM sleep
Makes up the remaining ________ of your sleep time
Stands for “_____________________________”
Eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids
Pass into REM sleep about ______________ times throughout the night with about 30 to 90 minutes between periods
REM sleep remains for about 15 to 45 minutes then passes into non-REM sleep

21. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)
REM sleep
REM behavior disorder
usually occurs in older people
voluntary muscles aren’t paralyzed
sleepers can and do act out their dreams such as fighting off attackers in dreams
REM rebound
refers to individuals spending an increased percentage of time in REM sleep if they were deprived of REM sleep on the previous nights

23. QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP According to a national survey
16% _____________________________________
24% ____________________________________
31% ____________________________________
26% ____________________________________
Average: __________________________________

24. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)

25. QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP Why do I sleep? Repair theory
activities during the day deplete key factors in brain/body that sleep replenishes or repairs
primarily a restorative process
Adaptive theory
sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators

26. QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP What causes sleep? Master sleep switch
VPN (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus); group of cells in the hypothalamus
switched on VNP secretes a neurotransmitter (GABA) that turns off areas that keep the brain awake
switched off VNP activates certain brain areas
Reticular formation
column of cells that stretches the length of the brain stem
arouses and alerts the forebrain and prepares it to receive information from all the senses

27. CULTURAL DIVERSITY Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD
Pattern of ___________________, such as loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; cycles with the seasons
Includes
_______________________________________
______________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
SAD has become a subtype (Seasonal Pattern Specifier) of major depression (APA 2000)

28. WORLD OF DREAMS Theories of dream interpretation
Freud’s theory of dream interpretation
we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression
“censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by transforming our secret, guilt-ridden, and anxiety-provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and don’t disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts

29. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D)
Extensions of waking life theory
dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we have when awake
Activation-synthesis theory
dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down
sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought patterns that we call dreams

30. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)

31. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D)
Theories of dream interpretation
Threat simulation theory
dreaming serves a biological function by repeatedly simulating events that are threatening in our waking lives so our brain can practice how it perceives threats and rehearse our responses to such events

32. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D)
Typical dreams
What do people dream about?
_________________________________
_____________________________________
________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
may be _____________ (dreams of being threatened, pursued, or trying to hide)

33. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D)
Typical dreams
Involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or happiness
Rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual intercourse
Rarely can we control or dream about something we intend to dream about
Dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color in sighted people
Blind people from birth dream in tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste), not visual

34. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS
Insomnia
Difficulties in either going to sleep or staying asleep through the night
Associated with daytime complaints
_____________________________

35. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D)
Non-drug treatment
Go to bed only when sleepy
Put light out immediately; don’t read or watch TV
If not asleep in 20 minutes, get out of bed and relax in another room until tired again
Repeat last step as often as required
Set alarm for same time each morning
Don’t nap during the day
Follow program rigidly for several weeks

36. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D)
Drug treatment
Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril)
reduce anxiety, worry, and stress
effective in moderate dosages in short term (2 to 4 weeks) treatment; prolonged use in higher dosages may lead to dependence
Nonbenzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta)
rapidly becoming popular
fast acting
reduce daytime drowsiness; fewer cognitive side effects
less likely to lead to dependence

37. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D)
Sleep apnea
Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer; may repeatedly stop breathing, momentarily awaken, and then resume sleep
Results in insomnia; exhaustion during the day
Narcolepsy
Chronic disorder marked by excessive sleepiness
Form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout the day
Accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss of muscle control (cataplexy)
Triggered by emotional change

38. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D)
Night terrors
Occur in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
Frightening experiences that often start with a piercing scream, followed by sudden awakening in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate
Usually no memory of experience in the morning
Nightmares
Occur during REM sleep
Very frightening and anxiety-producing images occur involving great danger
Upon awakening, person can describe nightmare in great detail

39. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D)
Sleepwalking
Occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
Sleeper gets up and walks while literally sound asleep
Has poor coordination
Clumsy but can avoid objects
Can engage in limited conversation
No memory of sleepwalking