1. New Core Curriculum Foundations of Scientific Process Energy  a Prerequisite for Life

2. gamma rays X-rays Ultra-violet Visible Infrared Microwave Radio waves Many wavelengths of light outside of visible Astronomers must consider the full EM spectrum 10 m -15 1000 km EM radiation

3. Stars: massive gaseous body in outer space that generates energy through nuclear fusion and therefore emits visible light; Solar energy comes from the rearrangement of protons and neutrons  this energy powers the stars petawatt (10 15 watts)

4. Energy input = Earth’s output 1) E in (from the Sun) E out 2) Reflectivity (Albedo) 3)Earth’s surface & Atmosphere (Greenhouse gases)

5. E in depends on the distance of emitting object: Of b, L, d -- which are directly measurable for astronomical sources? E in = Inverse Square Law:

6. New Core Curriculum What other forms of energy exist besides EM radiation ? What Energy? Energy is defined as the ability to do work and produce/transfer heat

7. W = F · d Work:  not concerned with a nature of the task, tiredness, etc.  defined as force acting through certain distance units: Joules, calories (cal), nutritional Calorie (kcal) Heat:  energy of atomic / molecular motion  this energy always flows from warmer to cooler object from warmer to cooler object

8. P = W / t Power:  work being done in a certain time frame units: [J/s = Watts, horse power: 1 hp = 746 W] Classifying Energy: Kinetic (KE) and Potential (PE) Energy  KE: is the energy of motion  PE: is the energy stored in a body/system due to position

9. Most technological devices that have modernized our life-style are energy-form converters out there, here ’ s the skinny Energy is never created or destroyed, it just converts from one form to another, the total energy always remains constant Law of Conservation of Energy Every time work is being accomplished or heating is taking place, energy transfer is taking place

10.  Mechanical energy  Chemical energy  Radiant energy  Electrical energy  Nuclear energy Various Forms of Energies

11.  Mechanical energy  created by a physical movement, it is characteristic of machines in motion;  Chemical energy  energy involving chemical processes (typically oxidation); plants create and store chemical energy from radiant solar energy ;  Radiant energy  EM blackbody radiation emitted by all “visible” objects in the universe;  Electrical energy  generated by the flow of electrical charges along a conducting material;  Nuclear energy  form of energy originating from collisions of atomic nuclei.

12. Activity: Chemical Energy Energy Balance in the Human Body