1. Types of Species Grace Whitworth

2.  Enlisted as an Endangered Specie in 1998  Only comes out during the hot summer months of California; spends remainder of time underground  Listed as “Endangered” due to the threat of mining in the Elisnore Mountain Range of California and the loss of habitat from human development  The population has risen in recent years because California has set aside more protected land for natural habitat development. If this trend were to continue, then the Munz’s Onion species could again thrive http://endangeredspecie.com/states/ca.htm http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/plants/Munz's_onion/index.html

3. Sampson’s Pearlymussel: Epioblasma sampsonii http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/lists/extinct.html http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/arcuatepearlymussel.htm

4.  Lives in Old Growth Forests of North America (Northern California, Pacific Northwest, South Canada).  Identified by large brown and white stripes on the large body; is one of the largest types of owls in North America.  The population of the Spotted Owl directly correlates with the population of tree species in Old Growth forests; this is the best explanation of the Indicator species role the Spotted Owl plays.  The Spotted Owl is most likely to be affected by global climate change from deforestation of Old Growth forests. The most crucial step is to prevent habitat fragmentation and destruction from deforestation. This may be by finding alternates to paper products or using tree farms with more biodiversity instead of logging in Old-Growth areas. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Indicator_species#gen1 http://www.peregrinefund.org/subsites/explore-raptors-2001/owls/spottedo.html

5.  Original range was in Eurasia; now plagues freshwater waterways of US  Were introduced as escapees or intentionally introduced for breeding in aquaculture c. 1830’s  Are considered invasive because they feed on Benthic and photosynthetic zooplankton in freshwater systems and compete with native fish species. Can also tolerate both fresh and brackish water.  Scientists are trying to naturally rid the carp from freshwater areas so as not to disturb the natural conditions of sensitive native animals.  One method of control suggested is use of pheromones, or hormones which trigger certain responses, which repel the carp out of an area but have no effect on native species. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/SpeciesList.aspx?Group=&State=KY&Sortby=%5BGroup%5D,Genus,Species,SubSpecies&submit2=Submit http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=4

6.  Dependent on Old Growth forests for its habitat.  Logging destroys its natural habitat and specific niche in Old Growth forests. Can be affected by hunting  They are considered a keystone species because their nests are used by many other birds and small mammals in Old Growth forests as well as reptiles and amphibians along riparian zones, which the bird is known to occupy.  Conservation methods include abstaining from forestry of Old Growth Habitats, hunting laws forbidding the hunting of the species, and abstaining from the use of monoculture forestry (the woodpecker depends on a variety of trees, none of which are used in monoculture.) http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/023_AubryRaley.pdf http://www.50birds.com/BPPileatedWoodpeckerl.htm

7.  A small herb that grows in mainly along the Pacific Coast in sandy or gravelly soils of granite rock.  Threatened by: cattle trampling (which causes soil compaction, erosion, and degradation), the planting of non-native vegetation that occupies the habitat of the pussypaws, and acid deposition from fuel, which the pussypaws may not tolerate due to its sensitivity to its environment.  One management tactic was to fence in certain areas so cattle and livestock could not trample the plant. Other possible management techniqus include increased monitoring and awareness which thus far, have not been granted to the pussypaws mariposa. http://endangeredspecie.com/states/ca.htm http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/snfpa/final-seis/biological-documents/BO/III/14_2.htm