1. Unit 1: From Pre-History to Early Civilizations Chapter 1: Early Peoples of the World

2. For our class: There are 8 “Units” in this book (about 1 month for each) There are 8 “Units” in this book (about 1 month for each) Each Unit has 3-5 “Chapters (about 1 chapter a week)” Each Unit has 3-5 “Chapters (about 1 chapter a week)” Each Chapter has 3-5 “sections” (1 section each day) Each Chapter has 3-5 “sections” (1 section each day)

3. Let’s look at pages 2 and 3 in your book Why does the start of each chapter have a time line? Why does the start of each chapter have a time line? Why is there a map on the top right of the start of each Chapter? Why is there a map on the top right of the start of each Chapter? Is there anything you should read on this page? Is there anything you should read on this page? What else on that page looks like it could be useful? What else on that page looks like it could be useful?

4. Now, lets look at page 4 Now, lets look at page 4 Most people skip over the parts which will help them the most. Most people skip over the parts which will help them the most. Right under the title are the MAIN IDEAS of the section. Right under the title are the MAIN IDEAS of the section. On the left are: “Terms to Know” often words that may be new or unfamiliar to you). On the left are: “Terms to Know” often words that may be new or unfamiliar to you). What else SHOULD you look at in each section (before you start to read? What else SHOULD you look at in each section (before you start to read?

5. Let’s start on Section I: Prehistoric Times (Pages 2-9) Pre-history: any period of time before things were “recorded” Pre-history: any period of time before things were “recorded” This never happened (people fighting dinosaurs)

6. http://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Geolog ic_time_scale

7. Archeologists: people who study the past Archeologists: people who study the past Items they find helps them figure out the past – even 6-7 million years ago – during the stone age. Items they find helps them figure out the past – even 6-7 million years ago – during the stone age. Modern technology has helped them a lot: things like carbon-14 dating, ground sensors, and even space/satellite images. Modern technology has helped them a lot: things like carbon-14 dating, ground sensors, and even space/satellite images.

8. Early humans Early humans When scientists looked for early humans, they looked in Africa. When scientists looked for early humans, they looked in Africa. These scientists were “anthropologists” – people who study humans and their characteristics These scientists were “anthropologists” – people who study humans and their characteristics

9. Two of these anthropologists were Louis and Mary Leaky - they found a “hominid” fossil as much as 4.5 million years old (the oldest “human-like” fossil found). Two of these anthropologists were Louis and Mary Leaky - they found a “hominid” fossil as much as 4.5 million years old (the oldest “human-like” fossil found). Their son found another – “homo-habilis” – about 1.8 million years old. Their son found another – “homo-habilis” – about 1.8 million years old. And, another man found “Lucy” – a skeleton about 3 million years old – an Australopithecus hominid. And, another man found “Lucy” – a skeleton about 3 million years old – an Australopithecus hominid.

10. Anthropologists think… About 2.6 million years ago, people started using “tools.” About 2.6 million years ago, people started using “tools.” Humans are the only species on earth that uses tools – so that’s a pretty big thing. Humans are the only species on earth that uses tools – so that’s a pretty big thing. Name a tool today – and what is it used for? Name a tool today – and what is it used for? It’s the start of human “culture” – a way of life that’s passed to the next generation. It’s the start of human “culture” – a way of life that’s passed to the next generation.

11. Some other groups of hominids: Homo-erectus: first to use fire, hunt animals, cook food, fish (the men) and care for children and hunt for nuts, fruits, and berries (the women). Homo-erectus: first to use fire, hunt animals, cook food, fish (the men) and care for children and hunt for nuts, fruits, and berries (the women). Also: began to migrate (move) to new places (food, warmth, safety). Also: began to migrate (move) to new places (food, warmth, safety). People who move around all the time can also be called (nomads) People who move around all the time can also be called (nomads)

13. Another…Homo-Sapiens: two groups of hominids Neanderthals: Neanderthals: Early homo sapiens Early homo sapiens Lived about 70,000 BC Lived about 70,000 BC They knew how to hunt, use stone and wood tools, and lives mostly in caves, and maybe even played some music. They knew how to hunt, use stone and wood tools, and lives mostly in caves, and maybe even played some music. No one really know why they disappeared, but maybe during an ice age. No one really know why they disappeared, but maybe during an ice age. Cro-Magnons: Cro-Magnons: May have competed with Neanderthals for food. May have competed with Neanderthals for food. Good toolmakers, hunters, and fishermen. Good toolmakers, hunters, and fishermen. Superior language skills Superior language skills By 8000 BC were very much like modern humans. By 8000 BC were very much like modern humans. Well known for their art (next slide) Well known for their art (next slide)

14. Cro-Magnon Art About 300 caves in Europe (France) have early paintings About 300 caves in Europe (France) have early paintings Also: some ivory, antler and stone “sculptures” Also: some ivory, antler and stone “sculptures” What would be reasons they made these paintings? (practical/artistic/other) What would be reasons they made these paintings? (practical/artistic/other)

15. And, some things which haven’t been explained yet (like Stonehenge)

16. Section II: Early Settlements (Pages 10-15) The last Ice Age ended about 10,000 years ago. The last Ice Age ended about 10,000 years ago. The way people lived changed a lot: they didn’t have to hunt for food and / they could stay in one place and farm. The way people lived changed a lot: they didn’t have to hunt for food and / they could stay in one place and farm.

17. There are 2 ways to farm: Animals: Animals: People learned how to domesticate (tame) animals like pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle. People learned how to domesticate (tame) animals like pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle. Crops: Crops: Cultivated (grew) lentils, wheat, peas, and barley. Cultivated (grew) lentils, wheat, peas, and barley. What are some of the main crops we have in the world today? What are some of the main crops we have in the world today? Helps to do this near water - or learn how to irrigate (bring water to a dry place) Helps to do this near water - or learn how to irrigate (bring water to a dry place) Europe had more fertile land than Asia. Europe had more fertile land than Asia. This way of life needed more people working together (including transportation and communication) This way of life needed more people working together (including transportation and communication)

18. What else would they need to live? Clothing Clothing At first: animal skins At first: animal skins Then, learned to connect Then, learned to connect fibers and weave clothes fibers and weave clothes Storage containers Storage containers from clay: from clay: Some of the oldest artifacts Some of the oldest artifacts we find are made of clay we find are made of clay Metalworking (metallurgy) Copper and gold are soft and were easy to work with at first. Copper and gold are soft and were easy to work with at first. These were used for both tools and decorations These were used for both tools and decorations

20. One of the earliest settlements we know a little about: was in Turkey: Catalhuyuk About 6000 BC. About 6000 BC. Had about 6000 people living there. Had about 6000 people living there. Mud, brick, plaster, and wood houses (and decorated with paintings). Mud, brick, plaster, and wood houses (and decorated with paintings). The homes were connected together. Good or bad idea? Why? The homes were connected together. Good or bad idea? Why? They were farmers, gatherers, craftspeople/artists. They were farmers, gatherers, craftspeople/artists. We’re not to sure about their religious beliefs, but maybe worshiped an earth goddess or sun goddess (like a lot of cultures back then. We’re not to sure about their religious beliefs, but maybe worshiped an earth goddess or sun goddess (like a lot of cultures back then.

22. Another: Jericho (where Israel is today) First settled about 12,000 years ago. First settled about 12,000 years ago. Originally hunters/gatherers. Originally hunters/gatherers. Knew how to work with stone: built a wall around their settlement that was 16 feet high and 10 feet thick (and a 26 foot tall tower) Knew how to work with stone: built a wall around their settlement that was 16 feet high and 10 feet thick (and a 26 foot tall tower) Parts of this wall are still around now. Parts of this wall are still around now. May have practiced ancestor worship. May have practiced ancestor worship. How do you think archeologists know these religious things about these old cultures? How do you think archeologists know these religious things about these old cultures?

23. After a while, people started specializing in things If you were good at making something and that was your job, you might trade what you could do for other things. If you were good at making something and that was your job, you might trade what you could do for other things. No one had cash like today, so they bartered (traded what they had for something they needed). No one had cash like today, so they bartered (traded what they had for something they needed). What are some other things used as “money” in history? What are some other things used as “money” in history? This also led to the first merchants: people who specialized in doing the trading for others. This also led to the first merchants: people who specialized in doing the trading for others. Remember – you can’t barter unless you have extra’s, so these kinds of people must be doing well. Remember – you can’t barter unless you have extra’s, so these kinds of people must be doing well.

24. How were these groups organized? The first “government may have come from religious leaders. The first “government may have come from religious leaders. But, eventually it seemed to help if there was a group in charge that used a specific set of rules for how groups of people were supposed to live together But, eventually it seemed to help if there was a group in charge that used a specific set of rules for how groups of people were supposed to live together

25. Section III: The Rise of Civilizations (Pages 16-19) At first, humans were nomads – who moved from place to place. At first, humans were nomads – who moved from place to place. Then, they began to settle together in “villages” Then, they began to settle together in “villages” If you have a choice today – and you will in a few short years (college/move out) - where do you want to settle? And, why there? If you have a choice today – and you will in a few short years (college/move out) - where do you want to settle? And, why there? Next, they began to form civilizations – which is… Next, they began to form civilizations – which is…

26. Your book says civilizations need 4 things: 1. Cities and Government 1. Cities and Government Cities allowed people to work together, develop skills, trade with others, spread knowledge. Cities allowed people to work together, develop skills, trade with others, spread knowledge. But having cities also meant there needed to be laws to maintain order, armies to protect the group, ways to support people doing special jobs to help out the group (taxes). But having cities also meant there needed to be laws to maintain order, armies to protect the group, ways to support people doing special jobs to help out the group (taxes). So… governments were there to promote and regulate trade, as well as protect the people. What are governments supposed to be doing today? So… governments were there to promote and regulate trade, as well as protect the people. What are governments supposed to be doing today?

27. 2. Job specialization and advanced technology People started specializing in one job, and becoming experts at it. People started specializing in one job, and becoming experts at it. They could focus on making their own tools and methods better – making people better hunters, farmers and artisans. They could focus on making their own tools and methods better – making people better hunters, farmers and artisans.

28. People began being put into social classes – based on their value. People began being put into social classes – based on their value. Rulers and Priests (often the same people or worked together) Rulers and Priests (often the same people or worked together) Farmers, merchants, and artisans Farmers, merchants, and artisans Slaves Slaves (Most of these groups believed in Gods who controlled their lives) (Most of these groups believed in Gods who controlled their lives) 3. Social classes and religion 3. Social classes and religion

29. 4. Writing and record keeping Needed a way to keep track of buying and selling, laws, taxes, etc… Needed a way to keep track of buying and selling, laws, taxes, etc… (Their record keeping does not have to be like we know it)

30. Where did some of these early civilizations first develop? The Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent The Nile Valley The Nile Valley The Indus Valley The Indus Valley Huang He Valley Huang He Valley What do these all seem to have in common? What do these all seem to have in common? Do you think you need this to start an ancient civilization? Do you think you need this to start an ancient civilization?

32. The Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent Middle East today Middle East today Land around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Land around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Began about 6000 BC Began about 6000 BC Farmers, travelers, and traders Farmers, travelers, and traders 3500 BC – the first cities 3500 BC – the first cities By 3200 BC: the first city-states (a city and its surrounding area) By 3200 BC: the first city-states (a city and its surrounding area) 3300: the first primitive writing 3300: the first primitive writing Before this time: used cuneiform (wedged shaped writing) Before this time: used cuneiform (wedged shaped writing) http://www.mrdowling.com/603mesopotamia.html

34. The Nile Valley The Nile Valley Still Egypt today Still Egypt today One of the greatest early civilizations One of the greatest early civilizations Began about 3000 BC Began about 3000 BC It’s periods in history are called dynasties (when a family rules for a long time) It’s periods in history are called dynasties (when a family rules for a long time) You already know a lot about Egypt You already know a lot about Egypt http://www.mrdowling.com/604egypt.html

35. The Indus Valley The Indus Valley India / Pakistan today India / Pakistan today Seaports, trading centers, and farming areas. Seaports, trading centers, and farming areas. Traded among themselves and other cultures Traded among themselves and other cultures http://india.mrdonn.org/indus.html

36. Huang He Valley Huang He Valley China today China today As early as 6000 BC As early as 6000 BC Were farmers (agriculture) and artisans Were farmers (agriculture) and artisans Found mixing copper and tin would make bronze (stronger) so they ended up with better tools Found mixing copper and tin would make bronze (stronger) so they ended up with better tools Ruled by a king with a large army Ruled by a king with a large army http://www.china.mrdonn.org/