1. Nanotechnology - the New Frontier Peter Grutter Physics Department McGill University www.physics.mcgill.ca/~peter

3. Science Fiction: 7of 9 on Star Trek

4. Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip Imaging at 5.0 kV A. Schirmeisen, G. Cross, A. Stalder, U. Durig P. Grutter

5. Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip Imaging at 5.0 kV Manipulating at 6.0 kV

6. Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip Imaging at 5.0 kV Manipulating at 6.0 kV

7. Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip Imaging at 5.0 kV Manipulating at 6.0 kV

8. Single atom on tungsten tip Imaged at 2.1 KV

10. “If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering.” (…) Neal Lane, Assistant to former US President Clinton for science and technology The Impact of Nano “The total societal impact of nanotechnology is expected to be much greater than that of the silicon integrated circuit because it is applicable in many more fields than just electronics.”

11. How big is a nanometer?

12. nm

13. Definition of Nanoscience Nanoscience and Nanotechnology investigates and applies phenomena, systems and structures where: 1. At least one dimension l c is a few nm 2. The properties are qualitatively different because l < l c Condition 2 distinguishes ‘nano’ from ‘micro’, macro- molecular chemistry’ or ‘biology’

14. Sub-micron is not nano! ‘Nanotechnology on silicon products: Intel leads in production and research’ (Wall Street Journal)

15. Moore’s Law

16. Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D Production Year199920022005200820112014 DRAM half pitch180nm Overlay accuracy65nm Gate length140nm CD control14nm9nm Oxide thickness2nm1.9nm Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)

17. Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D Production Year199920022005200820112014 DRAM half pitch180nm 130nm100nm70nm50nm35nm Overlay accuracy65nm45nm35nm Gate length140nm80nm65nm46nm30nm20nm CD control14nm9nm Oxide thickness2nm1.9nm Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)

18. Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D Production Year199920022005200820112014 DRAM half pitch180nm 130nm100nm70nm50nm35nm Overlay accuracy65nm45nm35nm25nm20nm15nm Gate length140nm80nm65nm46nm30nm20nm CD control14nm9nm6nm4nm3nm2nm Oxide thickness2nm1.9nm1.5nm1.2nm0.8nm0.5nm Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)

19. What is Nanoelectronics?

20. What is Electronics? By electronics we mean the handling of complicated electrical wave forms for communicating information, probing (such as in radar) and data processing. Data processing is the result of one complex stream of information interacting with another. This requires non-linear behavior, otherwise information just gets passed on from one place to the other. (Landauer, Science 1968)

21. Nanoelectronics * Investigate those electronic properties of small systems that are fundamentally different because of size. Look for interesting non- linearities. * ‘Smallness’ depends on property and temperature. The relevant length scale for conductance (the Fermi length) is 0.5nm for metals, 5nm for semiconductors.

22. Conductance Quantization Conductance quantization in a 5 nm diameter wire during elongation J.L. Pascual, Science 267, 1793 (1995) Experiment Modelling

23. Nanoelectronics sub-fields Molecular electronics Spintronics Quantum computing ….

25. Storing information atom by atom Ultra high density (Library of Congress on a pin head) Ultra slow (needs life time of universe to write) Huge footprint (UHV 4K STM) D. Eigler, IBM Almaden

28. Crossbar architecture

29. Bio-chemical Sensors Lennox Group, Chemistry, McGill

30. Beware of PowerPoint Science or Cartoon Engineering !!!

31. Molecular electronics: the issues Contacts Structure-function relationship between transport process and molecular structure Dissipation Crosstalk (interconnects) Architecture I-O with a trillion processors Fault tolerance Manufacturing costs

32. Does atomic structure of the contact matter? Mehrez, Wlasenko, et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 195419 (2002) (Guo Group, McGill Physics)

33. Electronic Properties of Molecules: Requirements R. Reifenberger

34. Yan Sun Anne-Sophie Lucier Henrik Mortensen Sascha Schaer Yoichi Miyahara Peter Grutter (McGill Physics)

35. STM of alkanethiols on Au(111) M. Godin, P. Williams, P. Grutter Y. Sun C6/C8 C8

36. C60 on Au(111) J. Mativetsky, S. Burke, Y.Sun, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter

37. Dynamics of tungsten tip: 30 frames per second field ion microscope movie Anne-Sophie Lucier

38. 3D Reconstruction: the real thing W polycrystalline tip reconstruction software by M. Orchard-Webb

39. F(z) and I(z) of W(111) trimer on Au(111) Schirmeisen et al, NJP 2, 29.1 (2000 )

40. C60 on KBr Cleaved in air, annealed in UHV clean KBr with C60 400 nm 120 nm 600 nm S. Burke, J. Mativetsky, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter

41. C60 islands on Au(111) 19181614 7

42. Magnetic reversal of microfabricated magnetic particles Aim: use coupled magnetic particles to process and store information Issue: switching field distribution Ph.D. Thesis of X. Zhu

43. Magnetic reversal of microfabricated magnetic particles Aim: use coupled magnetic particles to process and store information Issue: switching field distribution Ph.D. Thesis of X. Zhu

44. Quantum dots 50 nm diameter InAs Qdots grown on 10 nm InP and a 2DEG InGaAs Sample grown at NRC IMS J. Lefebvre, P. Poole, R. Williams et al J. Crystal Growth 234, 391 (2002)

45. Cryogenic MFM of Nb flux lattice Ph.D. Thesis of M. Roseman

46. Experimental Set-up Conductive AFM tip Tunnel barrier 10 nm InP InGaAs 2-DEG InAs QD (1 st stack) Electric field Tunnel barrier 10 nm InP InAs QD (2 nd stack) Bias Voltage Sample B

47. First results of cryogenic electrostatic force spectroscopy on Qdots R. Stomp, Y. Miyahara, P. Grutter double dot

48. Contacting a nano-dot with a Au wire M. Pumarol, Y. Miyahara S. Studenkin (NRC IMS)

49. Where will nano make an impact? Electronics and photonics –molecular electronics, spintronics –photonics –sensors Materials –ultra-fine powders, composites –harder, more corrosion resistant, dirt/bacteria repellent –green manufacturing, cost effective Bio-medical –emerging applications (materials, diagnostics, drug delivery...) –biomedical research tools (labeling, nanotools applied to biomed ) –biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

50. New materials: non-permeable, self- cleaning, anti-septic,... Lotus leaf Lotus leaf (artificial): nm sized hydrophobic wax size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleans sol-gel based technique -> on market Self-cleaning plastic, textiles: CNT stabilized enzymes in polymer Textiles with ‘Stain Defender’ Air-D-Fense Air-D-Fense (InMat, New Jersey): nanoclay/butyl thin film 3000 fold decreased permeability Ceramic Coatings: Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat) No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag

51. Nano materials in labeling High throughput multiplexed assays (‘nano bar code’) Optical tracking on a cellular level with tagged CdSe quantum dots: which gene is active? Basis: size dependent emission color of ZnS capped CdSe nano particles

52. Nanobiotechnology: the next ueber-hype ???

53. NanoBioTechnology NOT more cleverly packed, sub-  arrays NOT microtechnology scaled to nano NOT macromolecular chemistry So - what is it ???

54. Nanobiotechnology Emerging applications: –new drugs and drug delivery systems –new materials Biomedical research tools: –nano materials for labeling & diagnostics –tools of nanoscience applied to biomed Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

55. Nanobiotechnology - examples Emerging applications: –new drugs –new materials Biomedical research tools: –nano materials for labeling & diagnostics –tools of nanoscience applied to biomed Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

56. Potential new drugs Cyclic peptides assemble into hollow, nanometer sized pipes. These tube forming rings punch holes into (negatively charged) microbe membranes (nanobiotics). Ghadri et al. Nature 412, 452 (2001)

57. Potential new drugs & drug delivery systems Nanoshells of gold (tagged if necessary) can be heated from outside of body by IR, thus releasing drugs locally and controlled Makes use of high optical density of agglomerates

58. Nanobiotechnology - examples Emerging applications: –new drugs – new materials Biomedical research tools: –nano materials for labeling & diagnostics –tools of nanoscience applied to biomed Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

59. Nano materials in screening Polymer microspheres filled with different intensity ratios of color coding nanoparticles Each sphere is tagged with a different receptor /ligand/antibody/DNA strand,... Han et al., Nature Biotech 19, 631 (2001)

60. Nanobiotechnology - examples Emerging applications: –new drugs – new materials Biomedical research tools: –nano materials for labeling & diagnostics –tools of nanoscience applied to biomed Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

61. Live Cell Imaging: Time-lapse sequence after contraction stimulation (~20min/frame). Images are 50x50  m. B. Smith, B. Tolosko, J. Martin, P. Grutter Smooth muscle cell from rat trachea. The contractile dynamics are relevant in the study of asthma.

62. DNA ‘unwinding’ Nature - DNA replication, polymerization AFM probe Au surface Experiment - AFM force spectroscopy

63. Anselmetti et. al. Single Mol. 1, 58 (2000)

64. Stimulation of Single Ligand-Gated Ion Channels Natural Process: Synaptic Transmission Goal: To study channel gating kinetics and binding forces, while maintaining precise control of agonist location. Experiment: Ligand-functionalized AFM tip

65. Nanobiotechnology - examples Emerging applications: –new drugs – new materials Biomedical research tools: –nano materials for labeling & diagnostics –tools of nanoscience applied to biomed Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

66. Biotechnology applied to Nanoscience Better materials (e.g. Abalone shell) Positioning of parts (e.g. DNA scaffolding) Growing of wires, magnetic particles, …

67. geometrically Branching scaffold units for the construction of geometrically controlled nanostructures Synthesis of Branched Metal- DNA conjugates F. Mathieu, H. Sleiman (Chemistry McGill) Oligonucleotide

68. Nano Technology Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite primitive!

69. Nano Technology Science! Scaling Laws? Statistics? Better function? Throughput? Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite primitive! Cost? Systems integration? Environmental impact? Social acceptance? Ethics? some of the issues:

70. Nanoscience -> Nanotechnology crystal ball gazing! New tools: NOW Nanomaterials: 0-5 years Nanoelectronics: 15-20 years Nanobio/nanomed: 20-30 years

71. Nano: Renaissance Science nm size time solid state physics & engineering biology chemistry now! nm

72. Nanotools Facility

75. remain Why will gray goo remain fiction? Contradicts many well-established laws of physics and chemistry: –fat finger problem –sticky finger problem –stability problem (positional and chemical) –(see R. Smalley, Sci. Amer. Sept 2001, p. 76) Challenges: –communication macro-nano –surface - volume effects