1. Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor BIOLOGY 10th Edition Conservation of Biodiversity Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907 1 150 100 50 0 197919811983198519871989 bald eagle zooplankton kokanee salmon grizzly bear Number bald eagles (  7) opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) Year kokanee salmon (  1,000) opossum shrimp (per m 2 ) Introduction of Opossum Shirmp Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 2 Outline Conservation Biology & Biodiversity Extinction Rates Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Indirect Value Causes of Extinction Habitat Loss Alien Species Pollution Overexploitation Conservation Techniques

3. 3 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Considers all aspects of biodiversity General goal is conserving natural resources for this and future generations Primary goal is the management of biodiversity for sustainable use by humans

4. 4 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Conservation biology supports certain ethical principles Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere Extinctions due to human actions are undesirable Ecosystem interactions supporting biodiversity are desirable Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary change has value in and of itself

5. 5 Biodiversity At its simplest level, biodiversity is the variety of species on Earth Estimated that between 5 and 15 million species currently exist Genetic diversity refers to variations among the members of a population Community diversity increases biodiversity Landscape diversity involves a group of interacting ecosystems

6. 6 Number of Described Species insects 900,000 plants 240,000 animals 280,000 fungi 63,665 protists 55,000 bacteria and archaea 5,000 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. 7 Biodiversity Biodiversity hotspots Contain about 20% of earth’s species Represent only about 1% of earth’s land area

8. 8 Eagles and Bears Feed on Spawning Salmon 150 100 50 0 197919811983198519871989 bald eagle zooplankton kokanee salmon grizzly bear Number bald eagles (  7) opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) Year kokanee salmon (  1,000) opossum shrimp Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction of Opossum Shirmp

9. 9 Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Medicinal Value Agricultural Value Crops Biological Pest Controls Pollinators Consumptive Use Value Wood Skins

10. 10 Direct Value of Wildlife Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Wild species, like the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, play a role in medical research. Wild species, like many marine species, provide us with food. Wild species, like the rosy periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, are sources of many medicines. (Periwinkle): © Kevin Schaefer/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Armadillo): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Fishermen): © Herve Donnezan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Rubber harvest): © Bryn Campbell/Stone/Getty; (Bat): © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; (Ladybug): © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc. Wild species, like ladybugs, Coccinella, play a role in biological control of agricultural pests. Wild species, like the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae, are pollinators of agricultural and other plants. Wild species, like rubber trees, Hevea, can provide a product indefinitely if the forest is not destroyed.

11. 11 Value of Biodiversity Indirect Value Biogeochemical Cycles Waste Disposal Provision of Fresh Water Prevention of Soil Erosion Regulation of Climate Ecotourism

12. 12 Indirect Value of Ecosystems 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 124816 Number of Plant Species Rate of Photosynthesis a. b. c. a: © William Smithey, Jr.; b: © Don and Pat Valenti/DRK Photo Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13. 13 Causes of Extinction Habitat Loss Occurs in all ecosystems Recent concern focused on tropical rain forests and coral reefs Habitat Fragmentation

14. 14 Habitat Loss b. Macaws on salt lick Roads cut through forest Forest occurs in patches Habitat Loss Exotic Species Pollution Overexploitation Disease 0 20 40 60 80 100 Destroyed areas c. Wildlife habitat is reduced. a. Threats to wildlife % Species Affected by Threat Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

15. 15 Alien Species Nonnative species that move, or are moved, into a new ecosystem Often have competitive edge against native species Avenues of Human Introduction Colonization Horticulture and Agriculture Accidental Transport

16. 16 Alien Species a.b. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17. 17 Pollution Any environmental change that adversely affects living things Acid Deposition Eutrophication Ozone Depletion Organic Chemicals Global Warming

18. 18 Global Warming –0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 1860190019401980 minimum likely increase maximum likely increase 2020 2060 2100 Mean Global Temperature Change (°C) a. b. most probable temperature for a twofold increase in CO 2 Year Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: Courtesy Walter C. Jaap/Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission

19. 19 Overexploitation When the harvest is so great that the population becomes severely reduced in numbers The market forces driving the harvest: Exotic Pets Hunting / Poaching Over-Harvesting Fisheries

20. 20 Trawling a. Fishing by use of a drag net b. Result of drag net fishing a: © Shane Moore/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Peter Auster/University of Connecticut Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

21. 21 Conservation Techniques Habitat Preservation Keystone Species Metapopulations Small populations isolated because of habitat fragmentation Source Populations Sink Populations

22. 22 Habitat Preservation a. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis b. Old-growth forest; northern spotted owl, Strix occidentalis caurina (inset) a: © Gerard Lacz/Peter Arnold, Inc.; b(Forest): © Art Wolfe/Artwolfe.com; b(Owl): © Pat & Tom Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

23. 23 Conservation Techniques Landscape Preservation Landscape protection for one species benefits other wildlife in the same space Edge Effect The edge around a patch of habitat has conditions different from the patch interior Edge does not count as effective habitat for species requiring the conditions of the interior

24. 24 Edge Effect habitat patch 30.55% 43.75% 64% 88.8% a. b. area subject to edge effect increasing percentage of patch influenced by edge effects brown-headed cowbird chick yellow warbler chick Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © Jeff Foott Productions

25. 25 Conservation Techniques Computer Analyses Gap Analysis Find gaps in preservation efforts Try to identify areas where biodiversity is high outside of currently preserved areas Population Viability Analysis Determine how much habitat a species requires to maintain itself

26. 26 Conservation Techniques Habitat Restoration - Three Principles Begin as soon as possible before remaining fragments are lost Once natural history is understood, use biological techniques to mimic natural processes Goal is sustainable usage

27. 27 Restoration of the Everglades Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (Panther): © Tom & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Alligator): © Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited; (Ibis): © Stephen G. Maka; 47.11(Spoonbill): © Kim Heacox/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Stork): © Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers, Inc Tampa Naples Miami T aylor Slough 75 95 01530 miles A B C D C a. Location of Everglades National Park (purple) Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis White ibis, Eudocimus albusRoseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja Wood stork, Mycteria americana b. Wildlife in Everglades Everglades National Park Fort Lauderdale Historic Everglades Ten Thousand Islands West Palm Beach Original watershed boundary Gulf of Mexico Florida Bay Lake Okeechobee ATLANTIC OCEAN

28. 28 Review Conservation Biology & Biodiversity Extinction Rates Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Indirect Value Causes of Extinction Habitat Loss Alien Species Pollution Overexploitation Conservation Techniques

29. Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor BIOLOGY 10th Edition Conservation of Biodiversity Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907 29 150 100 50 0 197919811983198519871989 bald eagle zooplankton kokanee salmon grizzly bear Number bald eagles (  7) opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) Year kokanee salmon (  1,000) opossum shrimp (per m 2 ) Introduction of Opossum Shirmp Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.