1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY R -> U migration continued Development Geographies  Economic & Social indicators Race and ethnicity  Spatial distributions  Race and society in LA Religion  Catholic tradition  Others Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits Industrial history & geography

2. © T. M. Whitmore Who migrates? Age Gender Marital status Education level Personal Ethnicity

3. © T. M. Whitmore How do migrants move? Migration patterns  Role of information  Role of social networks  Role of “steps”  Role of distance and costs

4. © T. M. Whitmore Social Geography & Development: Wealth Average wealth in GDP (in PPP)/capita  World average ~ $9,940  Lesser developed ~ $4,760-5,480  USA ~ $44,260

5. © T. M. Whitmore Social Geography & Development: Wealth II LA average GDP/capita ~ $8,630 Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000) Extremes  Low  Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala  Jamaica, Haiti (<$1,500!)  Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay  > LA average GDP/capita (> $8,500)  Costa Rica, Mexico  Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay

6. © T. M. Whitmore Percent population living on <$2/day World average > 50% Latin American average ~ 24%  Countries with > 30%  Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador,  Jamaica, Haiti,  Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay  Countries with fewer than LA average  Costa Rica, Mexico  Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile

7. GDP/capita

8. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth distribution I USA  Richest 20% have 40% of all income  Poorest 20% have 5%  65% in middle class GINI coefficients GINI  USA ~ 41  Mexico ~46  Bolivia ~60  Brazil ~56  Guatemala ~60

9. © T. M. Whitmore Wealth distribution II Latin America  Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income  Poorest 20% have 2-5%  30% in the middle  Countries with top 20% with more than 50% of all income  Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela Changing over time Changing Varies within countries Varies

15. © T. M. Whitmore Social development indicators The Human Development Index Safe water access Population to hospital bed ratio % of children < age 5 underweight Overall worst levels of human development  Bolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru  El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua  Dominican Republic; Haiti

16. © T. M. Whitmore Race & Ethnicity Colonial legacy of population holocaust, slavery, and miscegenation Post-colonial migrations — much in 19th Century  Asian  European => complex map

17. © T. M. Whitmore Current ethnic distributions Afro-American (Latin Americans are “Americans,” too)  Brazil Brazil  Circum-Caribbean (Garifuna) Circum-Caribbean Garifuna Amerindian  Former high culture areas of Mesoamerica and Andes Mesoamerica Andes Mestizo: Mexico & CA; South America & BrazilMexico Brazil Euro-American: Costa Rica; Southern ConeCosta RicaSouthern Cone

19. African HeritageAmerindian Euroamerican Mestizo

20. Garifuna African Heritage Amerindian Euroamerican Mestizo

24. © T. M. Whitmore Race in Latin America Racial mixingmixing Racial “bleaching” Racism “Social” races Indigenismo & Négritude

25. 17 th C “casta” image

29. © T. M. Whitmore Catholic Heritage I Spanish Catholic rootsCatholic Spiritual conquest — an integral part of the conquest of the Americas Spiritual Legacy of Church’s history in Latin America Legacy  Identified with power/economic elite  Reform in form of liberation theology => oppression of the poor is a sin Reform

30. © T. M. Whitmore Catholic Heritage II Overwhelmingly people say “soy Catholico” = “I am a Catholic” Overwhelmingly  Church attendance is often low  But presence is everywhere “Folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous (Amerindian) beliefs (syncretism)Folk Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with (or been used to mask) various African religious traditions in the Caribbean and Brazil especially Roman

56. Obatala known as the parent of the Orishas and all human kind. The saint he represents is "Our lady of Mercy“ © 2005-2006 www.santeriareligion101.com

57. Lukumi (Santería) Altar ©2000 Latitude International Products

59. © T. M. Whitmore Religion: Non-Catholic Hindu and Islam — imported with indentured labor to Suriname, Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities in all of the Caribbean)Islam Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants from Spain (conversos) Judaism Evangelical Protestants — Protestants outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial times Evangelical  Very rapid growth in past few decades  ~40% of Guatemala  ~1/3 of Brazil

60. The Mosque of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab in La Guajira, Colombia. It is the second biggest mosque in Latin America.

67. © T. M. Whitmore Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits Machismo — men in control of their lives and the lives of others in their lives Marianismo — roughly the inverse of machismo (from the idea that the ideal woman resembles Mary in her virtue and purity) Role conflict (e.g., casas chicas) “Personalismo” — much of social, economic, indeed all life in LA depends on social/family ties & personal spheres of influence and obligation

68. © T. M. Whitmore Industrialization in the late 19th Century — up through WWII Export Processing Industrialization (a follow on from colonial patterns) Low technology manufacture of basic consumer goods Era of WW I; Great Depression; through WW II

69. © T. M. Whitmore Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s — 1970s) Legitimized by Argentine economist Raul Prebish in 1940 and adopted as official policy by the UN after WWII

70. © T. M. Whitmore How ISI works Imposed quotas or tariffs to increase the price of imported manufactured goods Idea is to stimulate local industries NOT a new idea

71. © T. M. Whitmore Consequences of previous rounds of industrialization A legacy of: Colonial; 19 th C; and especially ISI industrialization Spatially uneven: largest states benefit most Smaller states forced to band together Smaller

73. © T. M. Whitmore Economic & other assumptions of ISI Presumes that “under development” is partly the result of uneven terms of trade between LA and the more developed Atlantic world Isolating the country’s economy from the wider world’s economy will allow it to develop without the pressures from the Atlantic World Attempt to recreate a mini-model of the economy of more developed states Strongly involve the state in economic activities via state enterprises etc.

74. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with ISI Role of modern technology in ISI Role of changed imports in ISI Role of foreign control in ISI Role of role of governments in ISI Inefficient management due to lack of competition Loans to do all this not easily repaid => demands to “restructure” economy”